k

MODALS IN THE past

May + might + could have  SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST 

Should have + ought (not) to have 

TALK ABOUT WHAT THE RIGHT OR WRONG WAY TO BEHAVE IN THE PAST WASMight have + could have TELL SOMEBODY WHAT THEY SHOULD HAVE DONE (¡!) NOT USE MAY HAVE  IN THIS CASE 

Must have + can’t / couldn’t have 

LOGICAL DEDUCTION IN THE PAST Sould have + was supposed toABOUT THINGS WE EXPECT TO HAVE HAPPENEDNeedn’t have + didn’t need toWE USE NEEDN’T HAVE TO SAY AN ACTION THAT TOOK PLACE WAS UNNECESSARWE USE DIDN’T NEED TO TO SAY AN ACTION WAS UNNECESSARY, WHETHER IT TOOK PLACE OR NOTFUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE + FUTURE PERFECT.C

Future continuous (will/won’t  be’ + verb ing)

TALK ABOUT ACTION THAT WILL BE IN PROGRESS AT A SPECIFIC POINT IN THE FUTURETO  MAKE POLITE ENQUIRIES/ ASK SOMEBODY´S PLANS MAKES QUESTIONS SOUND MORE POLITE AND LESS DIRECTFuture perfect simple (will/won’t have + past participle)ABOUT AN ACTION OR EVENT COMPLETED BY A SPECIFIC POINT IN THE FUTURE

Future perfect continuous (will/won’t have been + ing)SAY HOW LONG AN ACTION OR EVENT WILL HAVE BEEN IN PROGRESS AT A SPECIFIC POINT IN THE FUTUREWE CAN USE THE FPC AND FPS TO MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE PRESENT

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

WE USE PRESENT TENSES INSTEAD OF WILL OR GOING TO IN FUTURE TIME CLAUSES AFTER TIME CONJUNCTIONSSUCH AS AFTER, AS SOONS AS, BY THE TIME, IMMEDIATELY, IN CASE, ONCE, ON CONDITION THAT, THE MINUTE, THE MOMENT, UNTIL, WHEN.WE USUALLY USE THE PRESENT PERFECT (NOT THE FUTURE PERFECT) FOR ACTIONS THAT ARE COMPLETE IN THE FUTURE AFTER FUTURE TIME CLAUSESWE USE THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS(NOT THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS) FOR ACTIONS IN PROGRESS IN THE FUTURE AFTER FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES SOME ADVERBS HAVE THE FORM AS THE ADJECTIVE: EARLY, WEEKLY, MONTHLY,  YEARLY,…

OTHER ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -LY DO NOT HAVE AN ADVERBIAL FORM: FRIENDLY, LIVELY, COWARDLY, MOTHERLY, LOVELY. INSTEAD WE PUT THE ADJECTIVE IN AN ADVERBIAL PHRASESOME ADVERBS HAVE TWO FORMS: ONE WITH -LY AND ONE WITHOUT: CLOSE/CLOSELY, DEEP/ DEEPLY, LATE/ LATELY, PRETTY/PRETTILY,… THE MEANINGS ARE SOMETIMES VERY SIMILAR AND SOMETIMES UNRELATED.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE

IN FORMAL WRITTEN LANGUAGE FOR URGENT REQUEST AND DEMANDS. NO ´S´IS ADDED IN 3RD PERSON SINGULAr THE VERB BEREMAINS UNCHANGED IN THE PRESENT TENSE AND BECOMES WERE IN PAST TENSESCERTAIN VERBS (ASK, ADVISE, SUGGEST, INSIST, DEMAND, RECOMMEND, REQUEST) ARE FOLLOWED BY THAT + SUBJUNCTIVE TO INDICATE THAT SOMETHING MUST BE DONE

0 : present simple/ present simple

1 : pres.simple/ future simple

2 : past simpl./ would

3 : past perfec./ would+present perfect
TALK ABOUT IMAGINARY SITUATIONS IN THE PAST AND DESCRIBE HOW THINGS MIGHT HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT

ej: They wouldn’t have go lost if they’d have a map.

I WISH/ IF ONLY WITH PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT

1-  WE USE I WISHAND IF ONLYWITH THE PAST SIMPLE TO EXPRESS A REGRET ABOUT THE PRESENT

2- WE USEI WISHAND IF ONLY WITH THE PAST PERFECT TO EXPRESS A REGRET ABOUT THE PAST

• ADVICE,OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

Should+ought to

ADVICE 

Must+ have to 

EXPRESS OBLIGATION OR GIVE STRONG ADVICE  

Musn´t

SOMETHING NOT ALLOWED OR GIVE STRONG NEGATIVE ADVICE

Don’t have to + don’t need to + needn’t

EXPRESS LACK/OBLIGATION/NECESSITY

Be supposed to

TALK ABOUT RULES + THINGS PEOPLE BELIEVE/EXPECT TO HAPPEN OR BE TRUE

POSSIBILITY,PROBABILITY,CERTAINTY

May + might + could

SPECULATING ABOUT FUTURE EVENTS

Should

SOMETHING IS LIKELY TO HAPPEN IN OUR OPINION

Must

TALKING ABOUT THINGS WHICH WE CAN DEDUCE ARE DEFINITELY TRUE

Can´t

THINGS WE CAN DEDUCE ARE IMPOSSIBLE

Be able to

TALK ABOUT POSSIBILITY IN THE FUTURE

Can + could

GENERAL TRUTHS AND STRONG POSSIBILITIES

MODALS IN THE PAST

May + might + could have 

SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST

Negative form may not + might not (have) NO couldn´t have

Should have + ought (not) to have 

TALK ABOUT WHAT THE RIGHT OR WRONG WAY TO BEHAVE IN THE PAST WAS

Might have + could have 

TELL SOMEBODY WHAT THEY SHOULD HAVE DONE (¡!) NOT USE MAY HAVE  IN THIS CASE

Must have + can’t / couldn’t have 

LOGICAL DEDUCTION IN THE PAST

Should have + was supposed to

ABOUT THINGS WE EXPECT TO HAVE HAPPENED

Needn’t have + didn’t need to

WE USE NEEDN’T HAVE TO SAY AN ACTION THAT TOOK PLACE WAS UNNECESSARY

WE USE DIDN’T NEED TO TO SAY AN ACTION WAS UNNECESSARY, WHETHER IT TOOK PLACE OR NOT