history
2.4.6
What was one effect of the Treaty of Versailles mandate system?
Allied powers took over German colonies and profited from them.
How did national boundaries in Europe change due to the Treaty of Versailles?
Smaller nations formed along ethnic and cultural lines.
What is one way the Treaty of Versailles affected Germany after World War I?
It made Germany reduce its military.
After World War I, how did former Ottoman territories differ from former Austro-Hungarian territories?
Ottoman territories came under the control of Allied powers, but Austro-Hungarian territories gained the ability to establish their own governments.
How were the circumstances of Ottoman territories and German colonies similar after World War I?
They were both divided up based on the mandate system.
What happened to both the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire after World War I?
The empires split up into smaller territories.
Which of the following groups was massacred by the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
Armenians
On “Bloody Sunday” in 1905, 100 workers were massacred while peacefully trying to deliver a petition. In which country did this take place?
Russia
Which of the following empires murdered over one million Armenians and hundreds of thousands of Greeks?
Ottoman Empire
How did Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points differ from the Paris Peace Conference agreements?
The Fourteen Points argued that no country should be punished for the war, while the Paris Peace Conference called for harsh punishments for Germany.
Which of the following actions was supported by both the Fourteen Points and the Paris Peace Conference agreements?
Creating the League of Nations to help prevent future wars
How did the peace agreement made during the Paris Peace Conference differ from Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
It officially blamed Germany for causing World War I.
The Russian Revolution in February 1917 was caused, at least in part, by which of the following factors?
Food shortages and heavy casualties during World War I
How did the October Revolution in 1917 change Russia’s government?
It allowed the Bolshevik socialists to gain power and eventually establish the U.S.S.R.
What is one reason the Bolsheviks wanted to overthrow Russia’s provisional government in 1917?
The provisional government continued Russia’s involvement in World War I
Which of the following describes a major effect of World War I on Turkey?
It lost control of many former Ottoman territories, but established an independent republic.
How did Turkey change as a result of World War I?
It went from controlling a powerful empire to forming an independent republic.
Which of the following explains how World War I affected Turkish leaders?
They lost control of territory in the Middle East, but preserved Turkey’s political independence.
According to the excerpt below, the League of Nations was important for which reason?
Preventing war
Which of the following institutions completes the excerpt below?
League of Nations
How was the Russification movement under Alexander III different from the self-determination policies of Vladimir Lenin?
Russification pressured all ethnic groups to unite as Russians, but self-determination gave different ethnic groups the right to govern themselves.
How was the Russian Revolution of 1905 different from the Russian Revolution of 1917?
The Russian Revolution of 1905 led to limits on the czar’s power, but the Russian Revolution of 1917 ended the czarist system altogether.
How were the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Russian Revolution of 1917 similar?
Both revolutions stemmed from frustration with the czarist system.
4.3.4
How did World War I hurt businesses in Europe even after the war?
Businesses struggled to replace skilled workers killed or severely injured in the fighting.
How did World War I contribute to a German economic crisis?
Germany printed more paper money to pay wartime reparations, which led to hyperinflation.
How did the increase in refugees due to World War I affect European economies?
Governments were forced to pay for food and shelter for poor refugees in their countries.
The postwar compensation Germany was forced to pay to the victorious countries after World War I was called _____.
Repairs
Germany was forced to pay for damages caused during World War I due to _____.
the Treaty of Versailles
A rapid increase in the price of goods caused by printing too much money is called _____.
hyperinflation
Which statement accurately compares America’s post-World War I economy with Europe’s?
Americans could invest in luxury goods like radios and automobiles, while European economies struggled to rebuild and grow.
Which of the following describes a similarity between the U.S. and European economies following World War I?
Economies in both regions were more internationally connected than ever before.
How was the U.S. economy different from European economies following World War I?
The U.S. economy grew at a much more rapid rate.
I work in a factory run by the government. We are required to only produce goods authorized by the government, and we must produce them in the amounts they specify as well. We have few freedoms in our country, but our command economy has saved us from most of the hardships suffered in other countries due to the Great Depression.
The Soviet Union
The economic hardships in my country led us to support a radical new political party that promises relief from the Depression. Since electing this party to power, public works projects have grown rapidly. This is mostly due to the way the leader of that radical party has assumed dictatorial power in the country. My fellow citizens and I are united by our leader’s condemnation of the minority groups that caused our great nation to sink into poverty
Germany
I am currently working on a public works project created by my government to help fight unemployment. We have many freedoms in our country that sometimes make economic recovery difficult and the political process unpredictable. Though most businesses do cooperate with the government, the day-to-day operation of businesses is not directly controlled by the government.
The United States
The plans Roosevelt outlines in this speech align with which of the following ideas?
Keynesian economics
Why is the use of machinery of any concern to President Roosevelt?
More Americans can be employed if jobs do not require specialized skills like using heavy machines.
How does President Roosevelt feel the issues of the Great Depression need to be addressed?
Through simple economic practices such as creating jobs and encouraging Americans to spend
Which of these practices contributed to the Great Depression in the United States?
Americans invested and spent beyond their means by taking out large loans.
Which of the following practices did Franklin D. Roosevelt enact to address the Great Depression?
Increasing government spending to create jobs and maintain social welfare programs
How did the U.S. stock market contribute to economic instability before the Great Depression?
Many people took out risky loans that could only be repaid if stock prices continued to rise.
Which person developed new economic ideas based on governments borrowing and spending more money during an economic crisis?
John Maynard Keynes
Which of the following leaders implemented a set of policies aimed at improving the U.S. economy during the Great Depression by launching public works projects and creating new social welfare programs?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Which of the following leaders helped rapidly rebuild the German economy during the Great Depression by greatly increasing military spending and employing workers on large construction projects?
Adolf Hitler
Examine the artwork below. What features of this image suggest that it was inspired by Surrealism?
The elephant looks largely realistic, but has a strange balcony in its side.
Examine the artwork below. The technique used to depict a bull in this image is most similar to which art movement?
Cubism
Examine the artwork below. Which features of the image suggest that it was inspired by Cubism?
It breaks up the bull’s body parts and rearranges them as flat, abstract forms.
4.3.7
A political leader decides to increase his government’s control over people’s lives. He bans all forms of media that don’t support him, sends secret police to attack his political enemies, and encourages citizens to inform the authorities about their neighbors’ words and opinions. Which type of government has the leader created?
Totalitarianism
Which of the following scenarios would most likely occur in a totalitarian country?
A leader sends secret police to spy on citizens suspected of not supporting him.
A leader decides that his country’s citizens should be completely loyal to him. He sends undercover police to observe citizens and arrest anyone who criticizes the government. He also jails reporters who write stories that show the government in a negative light. Which form of government has the leader established?
Totalitarianism
Who was the leader of the Nazi Party and the head of the totalitarian regime in Germany?
Adolf Hitler
Who was the totalitarian ruler of the communist Soviet Union?
Joseph Stalin
Who was the first fascist leader in Europe and took control of Italy?
Benito Mussolini
Which of the following characteristics is related to fascism?
Extreme nationalism
What did fascists believe was the role of women?
To be mothers and raise soldiers for the nation
What theory did fascists use to support their own ideology?
Social Darwinism
How was Francisco Franco’s rule of Spain different from the rule of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini?
Franco did not try to expand Spain’s borders.
How did Francisco Franco gain power?
He led an uprising against the Popular Front government
Why did the Italians and Germans support Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War?
They wanted to develop new equipment and strategies to use in future wars.
Which of the following describes a difference between communism and fascism?
Fascists believed that national identity should unify people, while communists believed that economic class should unify people.
Which of the following describes a similarity between fascism and communism during the 1930s?
Both ideologies were used to support totalitarian regimes.
Which of the following describes a major difference between the ideologies of communism and fascism?
Communism requires a government-controlled command economy, while fascism does not.
How did Joseph Stalin’s Five-Year Plans affect the Soviet Union?
Millions of Soviet peasants starved to death when collective agriculture failed.
What was the goal of Joseph Stalin’s Five-Year Plans?
To give the government control of all parts of the economy
What was the goal of Joseph Stalin’s purges?
To eliminate all people who threatened Stalin’s power
How did Adolf Hitler’s persecution of Jews help the Nazi Party secure power in Germany?
He blamed Jews for Germany’s problems and encouraged Germans to join the Nazis in attacking Jews.
Why did Adolf Hitler and the Nazis persecute Jewish Germans?
Hitler saw Jews as inferior to ethnic Germans.
How did the Nazi belief in the superiority of the Aryan race influence the Nazi treatment of Jews?
The Nazis sought to rid Germany of Jews, whom they saw as ethnically inferior to the Aryan race.
What is the role of the government in a totalitarian system?
To control the lives of the citizens
Who controls citizens’ lives in a totalitarian government?
The government
What is the role of citizens in a totalitarian government?
To accept the control of the government over their lives
4.4.3
In the years leading up to World War II, how were Germany’s and Japan’s goals similar?
They both wanted to expand their empires by conquering neighboring countries.
Immediately after World War I, how were conditions in Japan different from conditions in Germany?
Japan emerged as a world power, but Germany was weak and humiliated.
How were Hideki Tojo and Adolf Hitler similar in the years before World War II?
They both strengthened their countries’ militaries.
What is one factor that motivated Japan’s imperialism before World War II?
Japan lacked many important natural resources.
How did the Mukden Incident advance Japanese Imperialism?
It gave Japan an excuse to retaliate against the Chinese and gain control of Manchuria.
Why did the Japanese general Tojo want to gain control of land in northern China?
To obtain natural resources that would strengthen the Japanese military
In what way did the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union deal with Germany similarly in the years before World War II?
They tried to avoid war with Germany by agreeing to some of its demands.
How was the outcome of the Munich Agreement similar to the outcome of Adolf Hitler’s nonaggression agreement with Stalin?
Both agreements were broken when Germany attacked protected territories.
How was the United Kingdom’s treatment of Czechoslovakia different from its treatment of Poland in the years before World War II?
The United Kingdom allowed Germany to take over part of Czechoslovakia, but it came to Poland’s defense when Germany invaded.
In which of the following cities did Japanese troops destroy buildings and kill and torture hundreds of thousands of Chinese citizens?
Nanjing
Troops from which of the following countries destroyed buildings and killed and tortured hundreds of thousands of Chinese citizens during the Nanjing Massacre?
Japan
Which of the following events is considered one of the worst war crimes of the World War II era?
The Nanjing Massacre
Which of the following World War II figures aligned with Benito Mussolini to send troops to support Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War?
Adolf Hitler
Which of these World War II figures was a fascist dictator?
Benito Mussolini
Which of these World War II figures signed the Munich Agreement, a diplomatic effort to stop Adolf Hitler’s plans for empire building in exchange for Germany’s annexation of part of Czechoslovakia?
Neville Chamberlain
Two neighboring farmers are having an argument. Farmer A claims that he should be given half of Farmer B’s land. Furthermore, if he doesn’t get it, he’ll burn down all of Farmer B’s crops! Not wanting to risk a conflict, Farmer B gives up half of his land to Farmer A. Which of the following pre-World War II situations is most similar to this scenario?
The appeasement of Nazi Germany
Two neighboring farmers are having an argument. Farmer A claims that he should be given half of Farmer B’s land. Furthermore, if he doesn’t get it, he’ll burn down all of Farmer B’s crops! Not wanting to risk a conflict, Farmer B gives up half of his land to Farmer A. Which of the following pre-World War II situations is most similar to this scenario?
The signing of the Munich Agreement
Two neighboring farmers are having an argument. Farmer A claims that he should be given half of Farmer B’s land. Furthermore, if he doesn’t get it, he’ll burn down all of Farmer B’s crops! Not wanting to risk a conflict, Farmer B gives up half of his land to Farmer A. In this scenario, Farmer A is most similar to which of these pre-World War II leaders?
Adolf Hitler after signing the Munich agreement
Which of these strategies helped both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler rise to power?
Both leaders promised to restore national pride during a time of crisis.
How did the political situation in Europe after World War I contribute to both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler being able to rise to power?
It caused a sense of uncertainty in both Italy and Germany and made people want a strong leader.
How did the imperialism of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler before World War II differ?
Mussolini expanded his empire into Africa, but Hitler focused his imperial expansion on Germany’s European neighbors.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, September 3, 1939
The Nazi invasion of Poland
September 3, 1939
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt, September 3, 1939
Great Britain
4.4.7
I help the war effort in my country by serving as a sniper. I fight alongside male soldiers on the battlefront to protect our homeland, which is under constant air and ground assault from the German army.
The Soviet Union
My country is under severe air bombardment from the German air force. I help the war effort by working alongside men as an air-raid warden. My job is to get people to safety during air raids, and after attacks I help restore order.
Great Britain
As a member of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps, I work as a radio operator. I am not allowed to fight in battle, but I help my country’s war effort by connecting calls between army forces at home and overseas. I like my work, and I hope I can keep working after the war is over.
The United States
Which of the following statements accurately contrasts the roles of women during World War II in the United States and in the Soviet Union?
Women in the Soviet Union served directly in combat, while women in the United States served primarily in support positions.
How do the roles of women in the United States and in Great Britain during World War II compare?
Women in both countries began to work factory jobs and in other areas that had been previously reserved for men.
Which of the following statements accurately describes one effect World War II had on women’s roles in both the United States and Great Britain?
The war created opportunities for women to challenge gender norms.
Which of the following describes an important outcome of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II?
The United States ended its policy of isolationism.
Why was the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor unsuccessful for Japan?
The attack didn’t destroy the entire U.S. fleet.
Which of the following was a consequence of the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor?
The United States declared war on Germany.
Why were the Normandy Landings historically significant?
They forced the German army into retreat from France, allowing the Allies to liberate the country.
What was the impact of the Normandy Landings on the Allied war effort during World War II?
The massive amount of Allied forces landing in Normandy caused the German army to retreat and the Allies to reclaim France.
How did D-Day change the course of the war in Europe?
D-Day was the first step in the Allied liberation of France
How was the German military strategy blitzkrieg important during World War II?
It allowed Germany to conquer France almost immediately at the start of the war.
Which of the following best describes Germany’s military strategy at the start of World War II?
It launched extremely fast-paced invasions of its neighbors.
What military advantage did Germany have over France at the beginning of World War II?
Germany launched a rapid, aggressive attack, while France used outdated trench-warfare tactics.
As a result of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, ________.
the Allied leaders decided to establish the United Nations
Which of the following statements explains one reason why the Allied leaders met at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences?
They met to discuss the terms under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan.
Which of the following statements illustrates one effect of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences?
The Allies agreed that international courts would prosecute Nazis for war crimes.
How was the island-hopping strategy used to fight the Japanese in the Pacific?
Allied forces captured a few strategic Pacific islands from the Japanese and then used those reclaimed islands as bases from which to advance to the remaining targets.
Why was the Soviet Union able to prevent Germany from advancing toward Moscow?
The Soviet army had more soldiers than the German army, and German soldiers were not prepared for the harsh Russian winter.
How did battles in North Africa affect the Allied cause?
The Allies defeated Axis forces in North Africa, which set up the successful Allied invasion of Italy.
Which world leaders met at the Tehran Conference to discuss the invasion of German-occupied France?
Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin D. Roosevelt
Which country declared war on Germany after the Germans invaded Poland on September 1, 1939?
Great Britain
What world leader signed a secret nonaggression pact with Germany?
Joseph Stalin
4.5.3
Which statement accurately contrasts the circumstances in Germany with those in Japan following World War II?
Germany divided into democratic and communist zones, while communists controlled no part of Japan.
How were the goals of the United States for Japan similar to its goals for Western Europe after World War II?
The United States wanted to help revive the economy in both places.
Describe how U.S. influence was evident in both Japan and West Germany after World War II.
Both Japan and West Germany adopted a democratic government.
What was the main purpose for establishing the United Nations in 1945?
To maintain international peace
According to the UN Charter, what is one way the United Nations promotes international peace?
By encouraging respect for human rights
What strategy did world leaders use to prevent future international conflicts following World War II?
Establishing the United Nations
What accounts for the variation between the postwar situation in Italy and that in Hungary?
Italy was in the U.S. sphere of influence, while Hungary was in the Soviet sphere of influence.
Which of the following describes a difference between Eastern and Western Europe following World War II?
Eastern Europe was dominated by communism, while Western Europe was dominated by liberal democracy.
Which of the following describes a similarity between Eastern and Western Europe following World War II?
Each region fell under the influence of a foreign superpower.
Which of the following countries aligned with the United States after World War II?
Belgium
Which of the following countries aligned with the Soviet Union after World War II?
Romania
Which of the following countries was part of the Eastern bloc after World War II?
Hungary
George Marshall, June 5, 1947
Marshall Plan
The United States would benefit through world economic stability.
Which of the following policies was established by the Soviet Union in response to the U.S. policy described below?
Molotov Plan
Considering the audience and the content of the speech, which of the following people likely made the speech from which the excerpt below is drawn?
Harry S. Truman
Which postwar policy do the details in the excerpt below describe?
Truman Doctrine
Which of the following describes the threat President Harry Truman is warning against in the passage below?
The spread of Soviet-style communism in Europe.
While both the United States and the Soviet Union used economic stimulus to influence policy in Europe, their goals were quite different. Which statement accurately contrasts the goals of the United States and the Soviet Union in providing money to war-torn Europe?
The United States wanted to spread capitalism, while the Soviet Union hoped to spread communism.
In what primary way did the goals for U.S. intervention in Europe differ from those of the Soviet Union?
The United States wanted to limit the spread of communism, but the Soviet Union did not.
In which way did the goals for Soviet intervention in Europe differ from those of the United States?
The Soviet Union wanted to encourage the spread of communist ideals, but the United States did not.
Which of the following describes a major motivation for the United States to provide economic aid to Europe following World War II?
The United States wanted to prevent European leaders from turning to the Soviet Union for help.
Why did the United States support the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?
To prepare for a potential conflict with the Soviet Union
Why did the Soviet Union see the Truman doctrine as a threat to its foreign policy?
It pledged to support efforts to resist the expansion of Soviet influence.
4.5.6
Which of the following terms describes the mistreatment of Jews that occurred in Europe in the centuries leading up to the Holocaust?
Anti-Semitism
Which of the following best defines the term “anti-Semitism”?
The systematic mistreatment of Jewish people
Which group of people is targeted for mistreatment by followers of anti-Semitism?
Jews
Which of the following describes an impact of the Nuremberg Laws on Germany’s Jewish population?
Jews were stripped of their citizenship and banned from marrying German citizens.
Which of the following behaviors was made illegal under Germany’s Nuremberg Laws?
Jews marrying non-Jewish Germans
Which of the following events stripped Jews of their German citizenship?
The Nuremberg Laws
Which of the following describes a difference between concentration camps and extermination camps in Nazi Germany?
Concentration camps were used for forced prison labor, while extermination camps were built to kill all prisoners.
How were concentration camps similar to extermination camps in Nazi Germany?
Both served as prisons for people the Nazis saw as dangerous or inferior.
How were Nazi prison camps established before the start of the Holocaust different from those created after the Holocaust began?
The Nazis did not plan to murder all prisoners in camps built before the Holocaust.
Examine the image and answer the following question: Though all Nazi prisoners wore at least one badge, why did the Nazis force some prisoners to wear a second badge underneath, like the one shown below?
To identify them as Jewish
Examine the image and answer the following question: The red badge was used by Nazis to identify the wearer as a political prisoner in a concentration camp; What does the yellow badge underneath it signify?
The wearer is also Jewish.
Examine the image and answer the following question: Why did the Nazis force certain groups to wear badges with a yellow triangle like the one shown below?
To separate Jewish from non-Jewish prisoners in concentration camps
Which event influenced the Nazi mass roundup of Jews known as Kristallnacht?
The shooting of a German ambassador by a Jewish person in France
How did the event known as Kristallnacht affect Jews living in Germany?
It led to the mass removal of Jews to Nazi concentration camps.
Which event resulted in the mass removal of Jews to Nazi concentration camps?
Implementation of Kristallnacht
Examine the map and answer the following question: Which inference does the locations of Nazi extermination camps support?
Nazi leaders wanted to keep the existence of extermination camps secret.
Examine the map and answer the following question: How does the map support the conclusion that the Nazis wanted to operate extermination camps in secret?
The map shows that extermination camps were located away from major cities.
Examine the map and answer the following question: What does the location of Nazi extermination camps away from major population centers imply?
Nazi leaders wanted to keep the existence of extermination camps secret.
Barack Obama, Buchenwald Concentration Camp, 2013
American soldiers who liberated extermination camps were unaware of how horrible the Holocaust had been.
Barack Obama, Buchenwald Concentration Camp, 2013
Soldiers found bodies piled up when they liberated the extermination camps.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Buchenwald Concentration Camp, 2013
Merkel suggests that most of the prisoners died in the camps
Which of the following explains why it was difficult for Jews to organize resistance against the Nazi Holocaust?
The Jewish community was spread out across many different countries.
Which of the following describes a major impact of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising?
It served as a symbol of anti-Nazi resistance that inspired Jews in prison camps.
Which of the following explains one reason for a lack of Jewish resistance to the Nazis before the Holocaust began?
Jews had dealt with anti-Semitism before without seeing it escalate into genocide.