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The birth of the modern state:The authorian monarchies : during modern age feudal european monarchies became authorian monarchies.King reinforced his power over the kingdom by imposing authority over nobility and limiting autonomy of the municipalities.This new way referred to the moderns state.Authoritarian monarchy took root in france,england and kingdoms of iberian peninsula.The instruments of royal power:-Territorialunification:unified their territories and extended the size of their state.-Control of the state´s powers:imposed their authority on nobility, restricted autonomy of municipalities,exerted influence over allocation of positions and summoned Parliament.-Improved administration.-Creation of a permanent army:monarchs substituted the feudal troops.-Organisation of internal relations:diplomatic relations were established with other countries.Economic transformatiosn ans social changes : Demographic growth:in 15th and 16th century opopulation growth was favoured by improved harvests,the eradiction of the plague and relative peace.Population increase was slow because of high death rate due to infectious diseases,limited development in medical practice and lack of hygiene . Economic growth:-Agrarian activities continued to account for most professional activity.-Handicrafts sector avoided guild control by developing a system of homeworking.-Trade grew as a result of geographical discoveries,trade routes were diversified and new products from america were incorporated.-The emergence and early development of the capitalist economic system.At its outset,it was mercantilism or mechant capitalism,based on the accumulation of capital acquired from trade.Social changes:-The nobility and the clergy accepted the increased power of the monarch.-The bourgeoisie grew wealthier with the transoceanic trade,business dealings and banking.-The peasantry made up the majority of the commoners.Their living conditions improved in western europe and in easterns europe the peasantry were more closely tied to the land.The reign of the Catholic Monarchs:The dynastic union of castilla and aragon:marriage of isabella I of castilla and ferdinandII of aragon create the union of the kingdom of castilla and aragon.Was a dynastic union,which meant that the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing that the respective terriotories had in common.The strengthening of the state:–Territorial unification:began with the annexation of nasrid kingdom of granada to castilla which led to the competition of the conquest of the peninsula.The process was concluded by the annexation of the kingdom of navarra.-Religious unity:catholic monarchs created the tribunal of the inquisition an institution that persued heretics and judaisers,forced jews abd granada´s mudejares to submit to baptism or leave the country.-Establisment of the modern state: -They imposed their authority over the nobility,cleargy and municipalities,enabled them to gain control over the high ranking nobility.-They reformed the administration,created councils located in valladolid and granada.The expansion of castilla and aragon:catholic monarchs´ foreign policy was focused on three areas:africa,atlantic and europe:            -Castilla conquered fortresses in north africa:melilla,oran,algiers and tripoli,in competition with portugal spain continued its expansion in the atlantic region.-In europe,aragon continued its long-running rivalry with france.The hispanic monarchy:The 16th century monarchs:kingdoms and territories of the catholic monarchs were inherited by their grandson charles.-Charles I inherited from his paternal and maternal grandparents numerous territories in central and northern europe as well as in italy,which he extended with further conquests in america.Philip II did not inherit his father´s central european territory,nor was he made Holy Roman Emperor.

The birth of the modern state:The authorian monarchies : during modern age feudal european monarchies became authorian monarchies.King reinforced his power over the kingdom by imposing authority over nobility and limiting autonomy of the municipalities.This new way referred to the moderns state.Authoritarian monarchy took root in france,england and kingdoms of iberian peninsula.The instruments of royal power:-Territorialunification:unified their territories and extended the size of their state.-Control of the state´s powers:imposed their authority on nobility, restricted autonomy of municipalities,exerted influence over allocation of positions and summoned Parliament.-Improved administration.-Creation of a permanent army:monarchs substituted the feudal troops.-Organisation of internal relations:diplomatic relations were established with other countries.Economic transformatiosn ans social changes : Demographic growth:in 15th and 16th century opopulation growth was favoured by improved harvests,the eradiction of the plague and relative peace.Population increase was slow because of high death rate due to infectious diseases,limited development in medical practice and lack of hygiene . Economic growth:-Agrarian activities continued to account for most professional activity.-Handicrafts sector avoided guild control by developing a system of homeworking.-Trade grew as a result of geographical discoveries,trade routes were diversified and new products from america were incorporated.-The emergence and early development of the capitalist economic system.At its outset,it was mercantilism or mechant capitalism,based on the accumulation of capital acquired from trade.Social changes:-The nobility and the clergy accepted the increased power of the monarch.-The bourgeoisie grew wealthier with the transoceanic trade,business dealings and banking.-The peasantry made up the majority of the commoners.Their living conditions improved in western europe and in easterns europe the peasantry were more closely tied to the land.The reign of the Catholic Monarchs:The dynastic union of castilla and aragon:marriage of isabella I of castilla and ferdinandII of aragon create the union of the kingdom of castilla and aragon.Was a dynastic union,which meant that the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing that the respective terriotories had in common.The strengthening of the state:–Territorial unification:began with the annexation of nasrid kingdom of granada to castilla which led to the competition of the conquest of the peninsula.The process was concluded by the annexation of the kingdom of navarra.-Religious unity:catholic monarchs created the tribunal of the inquisition an institution that persued heretics and judaisers,forced jews abd granada´s mudejares to submit to baptism or leave the country.-Establisment of the modern state: -They imposed their authority over the nobility,cleargy and municipalities,enabled them to gain control over the high ranking nobility.-They reformed the administration,created councils located in valladolid and granada.The expansion of castilla and aragon:catholic monarchs´ foreign policy was focused on three areas:africa,atlantic and europe:            -Castilla conquered fortresses in north africa:melilla,oran,algiers and tripoli,in competition with portugal spain continued its expansion in the atlantic region.-In europe,aragon continued its long-running rivalry with france.The hispanic monarchy:The 16th century monarchs:kingdoms and territories of the catholic monarchs were inherited by their grandson charles.-Charles I inherited from his paternal and maternal grandparents numerous territories in central and northern europe as well as in italy,which he extended with further conquests in america.Philip II did not inherit his father´s central european territory,nor was he made Holy Roman Emperor.

The birth of the modern state:The authorian monarchies : during modern age feudal european monarchies became authorian monarchies.King reinforced his power over the kingdom by imposing authority over nobility and limiting autonomy of the municipalities.This new way referred to the moderns state.Authoritarian monarchy took root in france,england and kingdoms of iberian peninsula.The instruments of royal power:-Territorialunification:unified their territories and extended the size of their state.-Control of the state´s powers:imposed their authority on nobility, restricted autonomy of municipalities,exerted influence over allocation of positions and summoned Parliament.-Improved administration.-Creation of a permanent army:monarchs substituted the feudal troops.-Organisation of internal relations:diplomatic relations were established with other countries.Economic transformatiosn ans social changes : Demographic growth:in 15th and 16th century opopulation growth was favoured by improved harvests,the eradiction of the plague and relative peace.Population increase was slow because of high death rate due to infectious diseases,limited development in medical practice and lack of hygiene . Economic growth:-Agrarian activities continued to account for most professional activity.-Handicrafts sector avoided guild control by developing a system of homeworking.-Trade grew as a result of geographical discoveries,trade routes were diversified and new products from america were incorporated.-The emergence and early development of the capitalist economic system.At its outset,it was mercantilism or mechant capitalism,based on the accumulation of capital acquired from trade.Social changes:-The nobility and the clergy accepted the increased power of the monarch.-The bourgeoisie grew wealthier with the transoceanic trade,business dealings and banking.-The peasantry made up the majority of the commoners.Their living conditions improved in western europe and in easterns europe the peasantry were more closely tied to the land.The reign of the Catholic Monarchs:The dynastic union of castilla and aragon:marriage of isabella I of castilla and ferdinandII of aragon create the union of the kingdom of castilla and aragon.Was a dynastic union,which meant that the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing that the respective terriotories had in common.The strengthening of the state:–Territorial unification:began with the annexation of nasrid kingdom of granada to castilla which led to the competition of the conquest of the peninsula.The process was concluded by the annexation of the kingdom of navarra.-Religious unity:catholic monarchs created the tribunal of the inquisition an institution that persued heretics and judaisers,forced jews abd granada´s mudejares to submit to baptism or leave the country.-Establisment of the modern state: -They imposed their authority over the nobility,cleargy and municipalities,enabled them to gain control over the high ranking nobility.-They reformed the administration,created councils located in valladolid and granada.The expansion of castilla and aragon:catholic monarchs´ foreign policy was focused on three areas:africa,atlantic and europe:            -Castilla conquered fortresses in north africa:melilla,oran,algiers and tripoli,in competition with portugal spain continued its expansion in the atlantic region.-In europe,aragon continued its long-running rivalry with france.The hispanic monarchy:The 16th century monarchs:kingdoms and territories of the catholic monarchs were inherited by their grandson charles.-Charles I inherited from his paternal and maternal grandparents numerous territories in central and northern europe as well as in italy,which he extended with further conquests in america.Philip II did not inherit his father´s central european territory,nor was he made Holy Roman Emperor.

The birth of the modern state:The authorian monarchies : during modern age feudal european monarchies became authorian monarchies.King reinforced his power over the kingdom by imposing authority over nobility and limiting autonomy of the municipalities.This new way referred to the moderns state.Authoritarian monarchy took root in france,england and kingdoms of iberian peninsula.The instruments of royal power:-Territorialunification:unified their territories and extended the size of their state.-Control of the state´s powers:imposed their authority on nobility, restricted autonomy of municipalities,exerted influence over allocation of positions and summoned Parliament.-Improved administration.-Creation of a permanent army:monarchs substituted the feudal troops.-Organisation of internal relations:diplomatic relations were established with other countries.Economic transformatiosn ans social changes : Demographic growth:in 15th and 16th century opopulation growth was favoured by improved harvests,the eradiction of the plague and relative peace.Population increase was slow because of high death rate due to infectious diseases,limited development in medical practice and lack of hygiene . Economic growth:-Agrarian activities continued to account for most professional activity.-Handicrafts sector avoided guild control by developing a system of homeworking.-Trade grew as a result of geographical discoveries,trade routes were diversified and new products from america were incorporated.-The emergence and early development of the capitalist economic system.At its outset,it was mercantilism or mechant capitalism,based on the accumulation of capital acquired from trade.Social changes:-The nobility and the clergy accepted the increased power of the monarch.-The bourgeoisie grew wealthier with the transoceanic trade,business dealings and banking.-The peasantry made up the majority of the commoners.Their living conditions improved in western europe and in easterns europe the peasantry were more closely tied to the land.The reign of the Catholic Monarchs:The dynastic union of castilla and aragon:marriage of isabella I of castilla and ferdinandII of aragon create the union of the kingdom of castilla and aragon.Was a dynastic union,which meant that the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing that the respective terriotories had in common.The strengthening of the state:–Territorial unification:began with the annexation of nasrid kingdom of granada to castilla which led to the competition of the conquest of the peninsula.The process was concluded by the annexation of the kingdom of navarra.-Religious unity:catholic monarchs created the tribunal of the inquisition an institution that persued heretics and judaisers,forced jews abd granada´s mudejares to submit to baptism or leave the country.-Establisment of the modern state: -They imposed their authority over the nobility,cleargy and municipalities,enabled them to gain control over the high ranking nobility.-They reformed the administration,created councils located in valladolid and granada.The expansion of castilla and aragon:catholic monarchs´ foreign policy was focused on three areas:africa,atlantic and europe:            -Castilla conquered fortresses in north africa:melilla,oran,algiers and tripoli,in competition with portugal spain continued its expansion in the atlantic region.-In europe,aragon continued its long-running rivalry with france.The hispanic monarchy:The 16th century monarchs:kingdoms and territories of the catholic monarchs were inherited by their grandson charles.-Charles I inherited from his paternal and maternal grandparents numerous territories in central and northern europe as well as in italy,which he extended with further conquests in america.Philip II did not inherit his father´s central european territory,nor was he made Holy Roman Emperor.

The birth of the modern state:The authorian monarchies : during modern age feudal european monarchies became authorian monarchies.King reinforced his power over the kingdom by imposing authority over nobility and limiting autonomy of the municipalities.This new way referred to the moderns state.Authoritarian monarchy took root in france,england and kingdoms of iberian peninsula.The instruments of royal power:-Territorialunification:unified their territories and extended the size of their state.-Control of the state´s powers:imposed their authority on nobility, restricted autonomy of municipalities,exerted influence over allocation of positions and summoned Parliament.-Improved administration.-Creation of a permanent army:monarchs substituted the feudal troops.-Organisation of internal relations:diplomatic relations were established with other countries.Economic transformatiosn ans social changes : Demographic growth:in 15th and 16th century opopulation growth was favoured by improved harvests,the eradiction of the plague and relative peace.Population increase was slow because of high death rate due to infectious diseases,limited development in medical practice and lack of hygiene . Economic growth:-Agrarian activities continued to account for most professional activity.-Handicrafts sector avoided guild control by developing a system of homeworking.-Trade grew as a result of geographical discoveries,trade routes were diversified and new products from america were incorporated.-The emergence and early development of the capitalist economic system.At its outset,it was mercantilism or mechant capitalism,based on the accumulation of capital acquired from trade.Social changes:-The nobility and the clergy accepted the increased power of the monarch.-The bourgeoisie grew wealthier with the transoceanic trade,business dealings and banking.-The peasantry made up the majority of the commoners.Their living conditions improved in western europe and in easterns europe the peasantry were more closely tied to the land.The reign of the Catholic Monarchs:The dynastic union of castilla and aragon:marriage of isabella I of castilla and ferdinandII of aragon create the union of the kingdom of castilla and aragon.Was a dynastic union,which meant that the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing that the respective terriotories had in common.The strengthening of the state:–Territorial unification:began with the annexation of nasrid kingdom of granada to castilla which led to the competition of the conquest of the peninsula.The process was concluded by the annexation of the kingdom of navarra.-Religious unity:catholic monarchs created the tribunal of the inquisition an institution that persued heretics and judaisers,forced jews abd granada´s mudejares to submit to baptism or leave the country.-Establisment of the modern state: -They imposed their authority over the nobility,cleargy and municipalities,enabled them to gain control over the high ranking nobility.-They reformed the administration,created councils located in valladolid and granada.The expansion of castilla and aragon:catholic monarchs´ foreign policy was focused on three areas:africa,atlantic and europe:            -Castilla conquered fortresses in north africa:melilla,oran,algiers and tripoli,in competition with portugal spain continued its expansion in the atlantic region.-In europe,aragon continued its long-running rivalry with france.The hispanic monarchy:The 16th century monarchs:kingdoms and territories of the catholic monarchs were inherited by their grandson charles.-Charles I inherited from his paternal and maternal grandparents numerous territories in central and northern europe as well as in italy,which he extended with further conquests in america.Philip II did not inherit his father´s central european territory,nor was he made Holy Roman Emperor.

The birth of the modern state:The authorian monarchies : during modern age feudal european monarchies became authorian monarchies.King reinforced his power over the kingdom by imposing authority over nobility and limiting autonomy of the municipalities.This new way referred to the moderns state.Authoritarian monarchy took root in france,england and kingdoms of iberian peninsula.The instruments of royal power:-Territorialunification:unified their territories and extended the size of their state.-Control of the state´s powers:imposed their authority on nobility, restricted autonomy of municipalities,exerted influence over allocation of positions and summoned Parliament.-Improved administration.-Creation of a permanent army:monarchs substituted the feudal troops.-Organisation of internal relations:diplomatic relations were established with other countries.Economic transformatiosn ans social changes : Demographic growth:in 15th and 16th century opopulation growth was favoured by improved harvests,the eradiction of the plague and relative peace.Population increase was slow because of high death rate due to infectious diseases,limited development in medical practice and lack of hygiene . Economic growth:-Agrarian activities continued to account for most professional activity.-Handicrafts sector avoided guild control by developing a system of homeworking.-Trade grew as a result of geographical discoveries,trade routes were diversified and new products from america were incorporated.-The emergence and early development of the capitalist economic system.At its outset,it was mercantilism or mechant capitalism,based on the accumulation of capital acquired from trade.Social changes:-The nobility and the clergy accepted the increased power of the monarch.-The bourgeoisie grew wealthier with the transoceanic trade,business dealings and banking.-The peasantry made up the majority of the commoners.Their living conditions improved in western europe and in easterns europe the peasantry were more closely tied to the land.The reign of the Catholic Monarchs:The dynastic union of castilla and aragon:marriage of isabella I of castilla and ferdinandII of aragon create the union of the kingdom of castilla and aragon.Was a dynastic union,which meant that the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing that the respective terriotories had in common.The strengthening of the state:–Territorial unification:began with the annexation of nasrid kingdom of granada to castilla which led to the competition of the conquest of the peninsula.The process was concluded by the annexation of the kingdom of navarra.-Religious unity:catholic monarchs created the tribunal of the inquisition an institution that persued heretics and judaisers,forced jews abd granada´s mudejares to submit to baptism or leave the country.-Establisment of the modern state: -They imposed their authority over the nobility,cleargy and municipalities,enabled them to gain control over the high ranking nobility.-They reformed the administration,created councils located in valladolid and granada.The expansion of castilla and aragon:catholic monarchs´ foreign policy was focused on three areas:africa,atlantic and europe:            -Castilla conquered fortresses in north africa:melilla,oran,algiers and tripoli,in competition with portugal spain continued its expansion in the atlantic region.-In europe,aragon continued its long-running rivalry with france.The hispanic monarchy:The 16th century monarchs:kingdoms and territories of the catholic monarchs were inherited by their grandson charles.-Charles I inherited from his paternal and maternal grandparents numerous territories in central and northern europe as well as in italy,which he extended with further conquests in america.Philip II did not inherit his father´s central european territory,nor was he made Holy Roman Emperor.

Monarchs consolited the authoritarian monarchy that introduced in the previous century by the catholic monarchs , addressed numerous internal conflicts and governed extensive empire,enabled them to impose Hispanic hegemony across europe.Reigns coincided with a period of demographic and economic prosperity,a flurishing of art and culture known as the golden age.The organisation of the monarchy:-Their rule was assisted by a well-organised public administration.This included royal secretaries ,responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch ,councils undertook the governance of specific territories.-The organisation of the territory was conceived as an association of states .Territories maintained their own institutions,laws and customs.The monarch was a represented by a viceroy.Government and administration :new territories were governed by the Council of the Indies,created in 1524,controlled american affairs.The administration of the territories was divided into two viceroyalties,one for New Spain and the other for Peru ,were governed by viceroys,were the direct representatives of the king.Then subdivided into governorates or provinces,controlled by governors,which were subdivided into councils and governed by a local council.Audiencias were created for the administration of justice.The 17th century tranformations and conflicts:The transformations of the 17th century:-Political transformations:serious international confrontations arose wgich led to the decline in Spain´s hegemony in europe.-Economic tranformations:rise  of commerce encouraged financial capitalism and the majority of states imposed mercantilism.-Social transformations:the society of the three estates began to rupture due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.-Cultural and artistic transformations:17th century witnessed the birth of modern science and application of experimental methods gave rise to a scientific revolution.The european conflicts:The thirty years war:began with a conflict in germany between the catholic emperor,who defended the unity of the empire and the protestant german princes,who sought greater autonomy.Spain and the emperor were defeated at Rocroi and signed the Treaty of Wersphalia.The franco-spanish war:france and spain fighting up until the final years of the following decade.Having been defeated at the Battle of the Dunes,spain signed the treaty of the pyrenees.In this treaty,Spain ceded the catalan territories north of the pyrenees to france.The authoritarian monarchies:-The theory of the divine origin of their power which was bestowed on them directly by god and they were accountable to god alone.-Centralised administration:was managed from the court by civil servants who ensured that the monarch controlled the economy and army and orders were obeyed throughout their kingdom.In europe,the best example of an absolute monarch was louis XIV of france,controlled all the powers of state goverment and created an efficient public administration and tax system.The parliamentary systems:-England was the best example of a parliamentary monarchy.The confrontation between the two led to two revolutions.The 1640 revolution ended with the execution of the king charles I while the 1688 revolution ended with the abdication of james II and the coronation of the Dutch nobleman.Latter ruled as king william III,in 1689 he signed a bill of rights which obliged the king to obey laws approved by the parliament.-Having gained their independence from spain,the united provinces established a republic made up of seven provinces.Demographic stagnation:europe´s population grew very little during the 17th century.Causes of this limited growth were poor harvests,the harsh impact of the thirty years war and the resurgence of the plague.

Monarchs consolited the authoritarian monarchy that introduced in the previous century by the catholic monarchs , addressed numerous internal conflicts and governed extensive empire,enabled them to impose Hispanic hegemony across europe.Reigns coincided with a period of demographic and economic prosperity,a flurishing of art and culture known as the golden age.The organisation of the monarchy:-Their rule was assisted by a well-organised public administration.This included royal secretaries ,responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch ,councils undertook the governance of specific territories.-The organisation of the territory was conceived as an association of states .Territories maintained their own institutions,laws and customs.The monarch was a represented by a viceroy.Government and administration :new territories were governed by the Council of the Indies,created in 1524,controlled american affairs.The administration of the territories was divided into two viceroyalties,one for New Spain and the other for Peru ,were governed by viceroys,were the direct representatives of the king.Then subdivided into governorates or provinces,controlled by governors,which were subdivided into councils and governed by a local council.Audiencias were created for the administration of justice.The 17th century tranformations and conflicts:The transformations of the 17th century:-Political transformations:serious international confrontations arose wgich led to the decline in Spain´s hegemony in europe.-Economic tranformations:rise  of commerce encouraged financial capitalism and the majority of states imposed mercantilism.-Social transformations:the society of the three estates began to rupture due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.-Cultural and artistic transformations:17th century witnessed the birth of modern science and application of experimental methods gave rise to a scientific revolution.The european conflicts:The thirty years war:began with a conflict in germany between the catholic emperor,who defended the unity of the empire and the protestant german princes,who sought greater autonomy.Spain and the emperor were defeated at Rocroi and signed the Treaty of Wersphalia.The franco-spanish war:france and spain fighting up until the final years of the following decade.Having been defeated at the Battle of the Dunes,spain signed the treaty of the pyrenees.In this treaty,Spain ceded the catalan territories north of the pyrenees to france.The authoritarian monarchies:-The theory of the divine origin of their power which was bestowed on them directly by god and they were accountable to god alone.-Centralised administration:was managed from the court by civil servants who ensured that the monarch controlled the economy and army and orders were obeyed throughout their kingdom.In europe,the best example of an absolute monarch was louis XIV of france,controlled all the powers of state goverment and created an efficient public administration and tax system.The parliamentary systems:-England was the best example of a parliamentary monarchy.The confrontation between the two led to two revolutions.The 1640 revolution ended with the execution of the king charles I while the 1688 revolution ended with the abdication of james II and the coronation of the Dutch nobleman.Latter ruled as king william III,in 1689 he signed a bill of rights which obliged the king to obey laws approved by the parliament.-Having gained their independence from spain,the united provinces established a republic made up of seven provinces.Demographic stagnation:europe´s population grew very little during the 17th century.Causes of this limited growth were poor harvests,the harsh impact of the thirty years war and the resurgence of the plague.

Monarchs consolited the authoritarian monarchy that introduced in the previous century by the catholic monarchs , addressed numerous internal conflicts and governed extensive empire,enabled them to impose Hispanic hegemony across europe.Reigns coincided with a period of demographic and economic prosperity,a flurishing of art and culture known as the golden age.The organisation of the monarchy:-Their rule was assisted by a well-organised public administration.This included royal secretaries ,responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch ,councils undertook the governance of specific territories.-The organisation of the territory was conceived as an association of states .Territories maintained their own institutions,laws and customs.The monarch was a represented by a viceroy.Government and administration :new territories were governed by the Council of the Indies,created in 1524,controlled american affairs.The administration of the territories was divided into two viceroyalties,one for New Spain and the other for Peru ,were governed by viceroys,were the direct representatives of the king.Then subdivided into governorates or provinces,controlled by governors,which were subdivided into councils and governed by a local council.Audiencias were created for the administration of justice.The 17th century tranformations and conflicts:The transformations of the 17th century:-Political transformations:serious international confrontations arose wgich led to the decline in Spain´s hegemony in europe.-Economic tranformations:rise  of commerce encouraged financial capitalism and the majority of states imposed mercantilism.-Social transformations:the society of the three estates began to rupture due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.-Cultural and artistic transformations:17th century witnessed the birth of modern science and application of experimental methods gave rise to a scientific revolution.The european conflicts:The thirty years war:began with a conflict in germany between the catholic emperor,who defended the unity of the empire and the protestant german princes,who sought greater autonomy.Spain and the emperor were defeated at Rocroi and signed the Treaty of Wersphalia.The franco-spanish war:france and spain fighting up until the final years of the following decade.Having been defeated at the Battle of the Dunes,spain signed the treaty of the pyrenees.In this treaty,Spain ceded the catalan territories north of the pyrenees to france.The authoritarian monarchies:-The theory of the divine origin of their power which was bestowed on them directly by god and they were accountable to god alone.-Centralised administration:was managed from the court by civil servants who ensured that the monarch controlled the economy and army and orders were obeyed throughout their kingdom.In europe,the best example of an absolute monarch was louis XIV of france,controlled all the powers of state goverment and created an efficient public administration and tax system.The parliamentary systems:-England was the best example of a parliamentary monarchy.The confrontation between the two led to two revolutions.The 1640 revolution ended with the execution of the king charles I while the 1688 revolution ended with the abdication of james II and the coronation of the Dutch nobleman.Latter ruled as king william III,in 1689 he signed a bill of rights which obliged the king to obey laws approved by the parliament.-Having gained their independence from spain,the united provinces established a republic made up of seven provinces.Demographic stagnation:europe´s population grew very little during the 17th century.Causes of this limited growth were poor harvests,the harsh impact of the thirty years war and the resurgence of the plague.

Monarchs consolited the authoritarian monarchy that introduced in the previous century by the catholic monarchs , addressed numerous internal conflicts and governed extensive empire,enabled them to impose Hispanic hegemony across europe.Reigns coincided with a period of demographic and economic prosperity,a flurishing of art and culture known as the golden age.The organisation of the monarchy:-Their rule was assisted by a well-organised public administration.This included royal secretaries ,responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch ,councils undertook the governance of specific territories.-The organisation of the territory was conceived as an association of states .Territories maintained their own institutions,laws and customs.The monarch was a represented by a viceroy.Government and administration :new territories were governed by the Council of the Indies,created in 1524,controlled american affairs.The administration of the territories was divided into two viceroyalties,one for New Spain and the other for Peru ,were governed by viceroys,were the direct representatives of the king.Then subdivided into governorates or provinces,controlled by governors,which were subdivided into councils and governed by a local council.Audiencias were created for the administration of justice.The 17th century tranformations and conflicts:The transformations of the 17th century:-Political transformations:serious international confrontations arose wgich led to the decline in Spain´s hegemony in europe.-Economic tranformations:rise  of commerce encouraged financial capitalism and the majority of states imposed mercantilism.-Social transformations:the society of the three estates began to rupture due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.-Cultural and artistic transformations:17th century witnessed the birth of modern science and application of experimental methods gave rise to a scientific revolution.The european conflicts:The thirty years war:began with a conflict in germany between the catholic emperor,who defended the unity of the empire and the protestant german princes,who sought greater autonomy.Spain and the emperor were defeated at Rocroi and signed the Treaty of Wersphalia.The franco-spanish war:france and spain fighting up until the final years of the following decade.Having been defeated at the Battle of the Dunes,spain signed the treaty of the pyrenees.In this treaty,Spain ceded the catalan territories north of the pyrenees to france.The authoritarian monarchies:-The theory of the divine origin of their power which was bestowed on them directly by god and they were accountable to god alone.-Centralised administration:was managed from the court by civil servants who ensured that the monarch controlled the economy and army and orders were obeyed throughout their kingdom.In europe,the best example of an absolute monarch was louis XIV of france,controlled all the powers of state goverment and created an efficient public administration and tax system.The parliamentary systems:-England was the best example of a parliamentary monarchy.The confrontation between the two led to two revolutions.The 1640 revolution ended with the execution of the king charles I while the 1688 revolution ended with the abdication of james II and the coronation of the Dutch nobleman.Latter ruled as king william III,in 1689 he signed a bill of rights which obliged the king to obey laws approved by the parliament.-Having gained their independence from spain,the united provinces established a republic made up of seven provinces.Demographic stagnation:europe´s population grew very little during the 17th century.Causes of this limited growth were poor harvests,the harsh impact of the thirty years war and the resurgence of the plague.

Monarchs consolited the authoritarian monarchy that introduced in the previous century by the catholic monarchs , addressed numerous internal conflicts and governed extensive empire,enabled them to impose Hispanic hegemony across europe.Reigns coincided with a period of demographic and economic prosperity,a flurishing of art and culture known as the golden age.The organisation of the monarchy:-Their rule was assisted by a well-organised public administration.This included royal secretaries ,responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch ,councils undertook the governance of specific territories.-The organisation of the territory was conceived as an association of states .Territories maintained their own institutions,laws and customs.The monarch was a represented by a viceroy.Government and administration :new territories were governed by the Council of the Indies,created in 1524,controlled american affairs.The administration of the territories was divided into two viceroyalties,one for New Spain and the other for Peru ,were governed by viceroys,were the direct representatives of the king.Then subdivided into governorates or provinces,controlled by governors,which were subdivided into councils and governed by a local council.Audiencias were created for the administration of justice.The 17th century tranformations and conflicts:The transformations of the 17th century:-Political transformations:serious international confrontations arose wgich led to the decline in Spain´s hegemony in europe.-Economic tranformations:rise  of commerce encouraged financial capitalism and the majority of states imposed mercantilism.-Social transformations:the society of the three estates began to rupture due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.-Cultural and artistic transformations:17th century witnessed the birth of modern science and application of experimental methods gave rise to a scientific revolution.The european conflicts:The thirty years war:began with a conflict in germany between the catholic emperor,who defended the unity of the empire and the protestant german princes,who sought greater autonomy.Spain and the emperor were defeated at Rocroi and signed the Treaty of Wersphalia.The franco-spanish war:france and spain fighting up until the final years of the following decade.Having been defeated at the Battle of the Dunes,spain signed the treaty of the pyrenees.In this treaty,Spain ceded the catalan territories north of the pyrenees to france.The authoritarian monarchies:-The theory of the divine origin of their power which was bestowed on them directly by god and they were accountable to god alone.-Centralised administration:was managed from the court by civil servants who ensured that the monarch controlled the economy and army and orders were obeyed throughout their kingdom.In europe,the best example of an absolute monarch was louis XIV of france,controlled all the powers of state goverment and created an efficient public administration and tax system.The parliamentary systems:-England was the best example of a parliamentary monarchy.The confrontation between the two led to two revolutions.The 1640 revolution ended with the execution of the king charles I while the 1688 revolution ended with the abdication of james II and the coronation of the Dutch nobleman.Latter ruled as king william III,in 1689 he signed a bill of rights which obliged the king to obey laws approved by the parliament.-Having gained their independence from spain,the united provinces established a republic made up of seven provinces.Demographic stagnation:europe´s population grew very little during the 17th century.Causes of this limited growth were poor harvests,the harsh impact of the thirty years war and the resurgence of the plague.

Monarchs consolited the authoritarian monarchy that introduced in the previous century by the catholic monarchs , addressed numerous internal conflicts and governed extensive empire,enabled them to impose Hispanic hegemony across europe.Reigns coincided with a period of demographic and economic prosperity,a flurishing of art and culture known as the golden age.The organisation of the monarchy:-Their rule was assisted by a well-organised public administration.This included royal secretaries ,responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch ,councils undertook the governance of specific territories.-The organisation of the territory was conceived as an association of states .Territories maintained their own institutions,laws and customs.The monarch was a represented by a viceroy.Government and administration :new territories were governed by the Council of the Indies,created in 1524,controlled american affairs.The administration of the territories was divided into two viceroyalties,one for New Spain and the other for Peru ,were governed by viceroys,were the direct representatives of the king.Then subdivided into governorates or provinces,controlled by governors,which were subdivided into councils and governed by a local council.Audiencias were created for the administration of justice.The 17th century tranformations and conflicts:The transformations of the 17th century:-Political transformations:serious international confrontations arose wgich led to the decline in Spain´s hegemony in europe.-Economic tranformations:rise  of commerce encouraged financial capitalism and the majority of states imposed mercantilism.-Social transformations:the society of the three estates began to rupture due to the rise of the bourgeoisie.-Cultural and artistic transformations:17th century witnessed the birth of modern science and application of experimental methods gave rise to a scientific revolution.The european conflicts:The thirty years war:began with a conflict in germany between the catholic emperor,who defended the unity of the empire and the protestant german princes,who sought greater autonomy.Spain and the emperor were defeated at Rocroi and signed the Treaty of Wersphalia.The franco-spanish war:france and spain fighting up until the final years of the following decade.Having been defeated at the Battle of the Dunes,spain signed the treaty of the pyrenees.In this treaty,Spain ceded the catalan territories north of the pyrenees to france.The authoritarian monarchies:-The theory of the divine origin of their power which was bestowed on them directly by god and they were accountable to god alone.-Centralised administration:was managed from the court by civil servants who ensured that the monarch controlled the economy and army and orders were obeyed throughout their kingdom.In europe,the best example of an absolute monarch was louis XIV of france,controlled all the powers of state goverment and created an efficient public administration and tax system.The parliamentary systems:-England was the best example of a parliamentary monarchy.The confrontation between the two led to two revolutions.The 1640 revolution ended with the execution of the king charles I while the 1688 revolution ended with the abdication of james II and the coronation of the Dutch nobleman.Latter ruled as king william III,in 1689 he signed a bill of rights which obliged the king to obey laws approved by the parliament.-Having gained their independence from spain,the united provinces established a republic made up of seven provinces.Demographic stagnation:europe´s population grew very little during the 17th century.Causes of this limited growth were poor harvests,the harsh impact of the thirty years war and the resurgence of the plague.

1st inertia (the velocity of a body remains constant if no net force on it) v=cte -> F_t = 0 2nd (dynamics) F_t = m_i · a 3rd action reaction (every forme has linked another force exerted by a body F₁₂ = -F₂₁   hookes law F= k · Δl = k · (l – l₀ )   gay lussac v = cst · t -> v/t =cst 2 gay p =cst · t -> p/t = cst  boyle and mariotte p · v = cst        F=m·a    p·V = n ·R·T

1st inertia (the velocity of a body remains constant if no net force on it) v=cte -> F_t = 0 2nd (dynamics) F_t = m_i · a 3rd action reaction (every forme has linked another force exerted by a body F₁₂ = -F₂₁   hookes law F= k · Δl = k · (l – l₀ )   gay lussac v = cst · t -> v/t =cst 2 gay p =cst · t -> p/t = cst  boyle and mariotte p · v = cst        F=m·a    p·V = n ·R·T