jijuuh

Prebiotic Evolution

– Formation of the sun and planets: 4.6 billion years ago, cloud of gas and dust called solar nebula.

Accretion theory: planets formed from the gas, dust revolving around the sun.

– Conditions for the formation of life: energy, water, stable environment

– Primordial soup: oceans contained amino acids and nucleotides, Earth originated from a mixture of these chemicals

– Stanley Miller Experiment: goal was to test the idea of how life might have originated on Earth. It demonstrated that the basic building blocks of life could arise from simple chemicals.

  Evolution: process of gradual change that takes place over many generations

– Lamarck: organisms changed during their lifetimes based on their needs, those changes then passed on to next generation

– Charles Darwin theory: all species come from pre-existing ones and all of them share a common ancestor, fittest offspring more likely to survive and reproduce

– Evidence of evolution: ancient organism remains, fossils, similarities among organisms and DNA

– Artificial selection: process by which humans choose individual organisms with certain phenotypic trait values for breeding

– Comparative anatomy: study of similar and different structures in organisms

– Embryology: study of the formation, growth, and development of new living organisms

– Vestigial structures: have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor (human appendix, wings of flightless birds)

Biogeography: study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life

Fossilization

– Fossil Record: made up of all fossils that have been found, scientists can look at patterns to understand the history of life

– Law of Superposition: states that layers of rock are laid down one on top of another, oldest at the bottom and youngest at top

– Fossilization: gradual deposition of sediment or minerals over the remains of dead organisms, over time harden into rock, preserving the fossil

– Petrification: shell or bone is buried in sediment, gets filled with minerals like calcium carbonate or silica

– Molds and casts: molds (impression of bodies in mud or soil) casts (when impressions are filled with sediments)

– Carbon films: organisms outline of a fossil

– Trace fossils: preserved paths of animals that burrowed into the sea floor

– Preserved remains: fossils are of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments

– Coprolites: fossilized waste of animals

– Index fossils: remains of plants and animals

– Archaeopteryx: oldest known fossil bird

Living fossils: animal or plant that has remained almost unchanged

Human Evolution

– The role of tectonic plates in human evolution: formation of land bridges and opening and closing of oceans provide a moderate environmental pressure that stimulates populations to adapt and evolve

– Anatomical changes necessary to walk on two feet: re-shaping of the pelvis and lower limbs to bring the knees and feet directly under the body’s centre of gravity, making the body able to balance and take a step

– Anatomical changes in human evolution necessary to make tools: thumb grip, thumb grew to same level of other fingers

– The next step: go to Mars

Apollo Program

– Time frame:

Apollo started 1961 

Apollo 8: Launched 21 December 1968, Lunar Orbit and Return, Returned to Earth 27 December 1968

Apollo 10: Launched 18 May 1969, Lunar Orbit and Return, Returned to Earth 26 May 1969

Apollo 11: Launched 16 July 1969, Landed on Moon 20 July 1969, Sea of Tranquility, Returned to Earth 24 July 1969

Apollo 12: Launched 14 November 1969, Landed on Moon 19 November 1969, Ocean of Storms, Returned to Earth 24 November 1969

Apollo 13: Launched 11 April 1970, Lunar Flyby and Return, Malfunction forced cancellation of lunar landing, Returned to Earth 17 April 1970

Apollo 14: Launched 31 January 1971, Landed on Moon 5 February 1971, Returned to Earth 9 February 1971

Apollo 15: Launched 26 July 1971, Landed on Moon 30 July 1971, Returned to Earth 7 August 1971

Apollo 16: Launched 16 April 1972, Landed on Moon 20 April 1972, Returned to Earth 27 April 1972

Apollo 17: Launched 07 December 1972, Landed on Moon 11 December 1972, Returned to Earth 19 December 1972

Which president decided to launch the program and why? President Kennedy. He was interested in space as a symbol of political power, only after the Soviet Union increased the political stakes that Kennedy approve the lunar landing program, he knew this would give him an economic advantage and a political one. 

How many apollos were launched? 14 missions
Which country was the first one to put a man on the moon? United States

Who was the first human to step on the moon? Astronaut Neil Armstrong
Which apollo put the first man on the Moon? Apollo 13 was to be the third lunar landing attempt
Which apollo was called “A Successful Failure and why? 13, the mission was aborted after the rupture of the service module oxygen tank. Still, it was classified as a “successful failure” because of the experience gained in rescuing the crew.
The first footprint in another world is still marked in the dust of the moon. Why hadn’t it faded away? How long may it last and why? In the moon, there is no erosion by wind or water on the moon because it has no atmosphere and all the water on the surface is frozen as ice. People don’t know how long they will last but they expect it to be hundreds of years in the same conditions as of today.