Coastal Protection and Construction Processes
Stakeout a Building Project Maritima
Stake out a building project maritima. positioning systems. Changes in sea level: Construction Project: A set of documents justifying q defined measured and valued the work on an q can be constructed by a technician other than q the project. Stakeout: Action and place the work in the exact spot of his execution. Necessary references are geometric and variability is important sea level. Stakeout Bases: Surveying fixed and stable signals. References to the layout plan are: UTM coordinates divided into 60 zones and uses 6 degrees. IGN National Geographic Institute has a network of geodetic vertices with coordinates known. DGC general direction of costs has a network of promenades usually on q defines the demarcation of the maritime-terrestrial public domain. Nautical charts high benchmark for geographical coordinates q at q there will generally make conversation with UTM coordinates. References for stakeout elevation: 1 DATUM position reference horizontal plane to which they refer to the elevations. 2 º IGN National Geographic Institute under used as a source of altitudes mean sea level in Alicante NMMA. 3 º IHM Instituto Navy Hydrographic hydrographic zero pair used the Yearbook of tides and the preparation of nautical charts. 4 The revised local reference is used by convention in major international databases sea levels. 5 º IEO Spanish Institute of Oceanography can use some of the zeros earlier or another independent, to reference the highest sea level recorded by its gauges. Changes in Sea Level: It is called sea level q serves as a reference to locate the height of and geographic locations including submarines. Tide: Changing sea level newspaper produced mainly by the gravitational forces exerted q the Moon and the Sun, called atmospheric tides brometricas variation. Astronomical Tide: When the Moon and Sun are aligned, the tides are higher. When the Moon is in quadrature with the sun, the tides are small. Marea Weather: It is caused by pressure variations in atmospheric layers situated above the water body in question due to local atmospheric pressure will cause the minimum of higher sea level this reason. High Tide or High Water: q when the water reaches its maximum height within the tidal cycle. Low Tide, when the sea opposite q reaches its lowest height. Flow: The process of slow and steady rise of the marine waters due to the progressive increase in the lunar and solar attraction. Reflux: The process of decline in marine waters, slowly progressive due to the decline of the lunar and solar attraction. Race Tide: The difference in height between high and low tide, Half Period Tide: The difference in time between high and low tide. Stoa Tide: Timing in the level q remains fixed at high tide or low tide. Stoa Current: the current moment in q associated with the tide vanishes. Establishment of port: is the time to ql associated with tidal current is zero. Establishment of the Port: gap due to the inertia of the hydrosphere, between the passage of the moon to the meridian of the place and the appearance of the next high tide. Neap Tide, Low or Square, are produced during the phases of waxing and waning when the positions of the earth the sun and moon form a 90 º angle. Tide Gauge Anderaa: Obtain sea level from the measure hydrostatic pressure and water temperature at a fixed submerged. 
Sounding Systems: Barra Graduated: ballast at one end is the most simple is inserted vertically to the seabed. Sinker: A string cable or ballast and brands. Echosounder: a transmitted signal is reflected from an interface with marked difference in density. The reflected signal is received and the time recorded return signal is an indicator of the depth. Profiler for Remote Control: the coordinates of a remotely operated vehicle on the seabed can be transmitted to a vessel. Sonar d Sidebar: A transmitter-receiver sonar towed by the boat submerged sonar signals transmitted directly to the seafloor carry out a survey a strip (500) to one side of the boat. D Information sources and Systems for the Maritime Climate: Hindcasting: history of events (entries) q for the future have been projected. statistical treatment of data. Forecasting: Forecast for construction and is supported by the hindcasting for the construction phase.
Breakwaters: Structures to provide shelter and are constituted by natural or artificial breakwaters. Parties: Core: inside, the foundation of the breakwater sheets and allows its execution. Intermediate or Filter Layers: a breakwater several layers of increasing size. Main Layer: Outer layer resists the waves. Mantle Interior: interior slope protection against agitation and overtopping. Bench: support below the main layer. Backstop, concrete structure. eliminate or reduce overtopping. Slab of Concrete, raceway and protect the core. 
Problem of Insufficient Soil Bearing Capacity of Support: Solution: Removal of unsuitable soil layers by dredging, soil improvement treatments and execution phases. Dredging Phase 1, ground unfit. Phase 2 º partial filling maritime means. Consolidation Phase 3 º, landfill aprcial maritime means. 4 º Acabadodel dam. Construction: sea, land and mixed. Comparison: Drawbacks of the sea, increased turbidity, the greater dispersion of material, non-compacted core. Disadvantages of land, greater widths of coronation, temporary major damage. Core placement and thrust sea: Gánguiles Types: hinge or hinge, dump or tilt, cpmpuerta or cone, push or spill side elevation. Sequence of Placement: 1 Core. 2 nd tiers e? 5m. 3 º Slope Protection and coronation. 4 º Mantos, reduce damage to the core, to ensure slope stability, optimize material utilization. 
Placement Core and Groundwater via Land: Sequence of placement: 1 Downloads core material in the immediate area in front of advancement (trucks). 2 º landfill material front (tractor or front loader). 3 º Rectification slope to slope projected (retoexcavadora). 4 º areas out of reach (crane with pan or gánguiles). 5 º Checkout nucleus. Execution processes vary in function: The maritime climate tidal waves etc. .. The width of the platform for compatibility with passing trucks. The seats in the dock: start the construction of slabs and tenon when the seats remaining to be eligible.
Vertical Breakwaters: Structures to provide shelter, made of a breakwater on the bench rests q structure vertical walls. 
Advantages Vertical Dikes Facing Slope: 1 Less quarry material. 2 nd Speed of construction. 3 º Good behavior in the surf at all stages of construction. 3 º can berth inside. 4 º q dismantled more easily the breakwaters. Disadvantages Vertical Dikes Facing Slope: 1 break wave introduces substantial efforts. 2 º reflect wave energy. 3 º transmit significant loads to the ground. 4 No need for windows for anchoring and subsequent filling drawers. Construction Process: 1 Dredging of natural ground for improvement of the foundation ground. 2 nd Placement of the sidewalk foundation, to provide uniform bearing surface. Bring to final 3 º bench area, if there will be no inappropriate screed broken drawer. 4 º Fabrication and launching of the drawers. 5 th Transportation tow cable boxes. 6 ° Funding of drawers: Support drawer on the sidewalk. Sensitive to wind, currents and waves. controlled flooding of the cells while keeping the drawer to float. 7 º Fill cells and joints.
Screen Springs: 1 Structures formed by a screen embedded in the natural terrain. 2 º metal sheet pile walls and screens of concrete. 
Piling Piers: 1 Land granular piling easily. 2 ° It is not feasible on very large consolidated or bowling or breakwaters. 3 º bench and rubble. 4 º terrestrial and marine Construction. Pile of Piling: 1 single acting hammers, major thrusts. 2 º martil double acting under compression. 3 º Hammers vibrators, efforts slight or no compression. 4 º Pile by pressure, hydraulic jack. 5 º piling sequence, placement of the guides, providing piling, sombretes or dollies, placement of profiles for the anchors. Construction Process by Land: 1 Construction of pot and partial filling of the explanda. 2 º Jacking screens. 3 º excavation and placement of braces. 4 º Fill anchor zone. 5 º Dredging front fill. 6 º Protection pier foot screen. 7 º beam Construction cliff. 8 º Paving and qualification of the spring. Construction process via maritima: 1 Dredging of natural terrain. 2 º sheet pile driving of the floating means. 3 º Fill piling exterior surface to the level of anchorage. 4 º anchor and fill up Lakota ecoronacion spring. 5 º Dredging ground ahead of the piling. 6 º Protection of the foot of the piling with riprap. 7 º Construction of the superstructure and spring outfit. Springs Concrete Screens: Solution hardly springs on land used for non-consolidated. Contructed Process: 1 Dredging of natural terrain, land improvement foundation. 2 º Mota to build the screens. 3 º Construction of the screens. 4 º Esplanade anchor placement. Anchoring the 5 th screen. 6 º Dredging natural terrain in front of the screens. 7 th Foot Protection screens with riprap. 8 º Construction of the superstructure and qualification. Auxiliary Springs and Landings, are auxiliary facilities: load gánguiles and pontoons, berthing of vessels.
Gravity Springs: 1 resist its own weight. 2 º vertical walls. 3 º Work of docking interface makes ship to shore, crossing of goods. Spring Drawers: 1 Wall vertical wall formed by caissons. 2 º Leaning on bench. 3 º Withstands push fillings. 4 º mounting problem of overturning. 
Construction Process: 1 dredging trench. 2 º Discharge of riprap. 3 º trimming gravel. 4 º Fabrication and launching drawers. 5 th Transportation drawers. 7 ° positioning of the boxes. 6 ° Funding of drawers by flooding. 7 º Fill cells and joints. 8 º Fill trasdos.mejor quality. 9 º Placement filter. 10 th overall lower quality fillings, avoiding contact with the exterior surface material with a geotextile. 11 º Concreting superstructure. 12 º Placement selected fill and compacted. 13 º Construction of pavement. 14 º pavement construction and qualification of the spring. DFens and placement of bollards. 
Pier Blocks: vertical wall facing parallelepiped block, solid or lightening, special blocks, resting on sidewalk, pushing stuffed bear. 
Construction Process: 1 dredging. 2 nd ground foundation improvement. 3 º bench foundation. Bring to final 4 º sidewalk surface. 5 º Fabrication and coupling of the blocks. 6 º Placement of the blocks. 7 º Fill exterior surface. 8 th General Fillers. 9 ° superstructure. 10 th Floor. 
Underwater concrete pier: mass concrete structure, concrete in situ, on-site shallow ode, marinas. drafts Inferi to 10 or 12m. non-aggressive environments. 
Construction process: 1 initial activities. 2 º preparation of the foundation ground. 3 º Shields. Casting 4 º. 5 º Fill exterior surface. 6 th General Fillers. 7 ° superstructure. 8 th Floor.
Pile piers, pile-supported platform, suitable for low ground bearing capacity or very deformable, seismic zones, decreased wave reflection in pontoons and berthing dolphins. Construction: From a terrestrial platform and filled with floating media. 
Contruccion situ Earth: 1 Dredging of natural terrain. 2 ° Improvement of the foundation ground. 3 º Mota wide enough for the building of the pile. 4 º excavation, construction and driving of the piles from the grove. 5 th partial construction of the superstructure. 6 º dl Dredging and filling remaining natural terrain. 7 th formation of the slope under the board and protection with riprap. 8 º Formation of the esplanade. 9 º Completion of the superstructure and spring outfit. Insitu ground construction sequence: 1 speck of construction work. 2 º ntubacion jacking. 3 º Excavation of the pile. 4 º Placement reinforcement cage. 5 º concreting. 6 º Extraction intubation. 7 º Headed Pile and beam construction board. 8 º slope dredging and profiling under the board. 9 º Protection and foot slope with riprap. 10 ° Placement of prelates of the board. 11 º Concreting superstructure. 12 º Placement selected fill and compacted. Maritime construction site: 1 dredging of natural terrain. 2 º foundation ground improved. 3 º nde constructions piles with floating media. 4 th formation of the esplanade. 5 º slope formation under the dash and protection with riprap. 6 º Completion of the superstructure and spring outfit. Construcctiva maritima sequence in situ: 1 Pile shirt to support recoverable rock and extraction of materials. 2 º excavating rock drill bit and spoon. 3 º shirt placement loss. 4 º Placement pile reinforcement. 5 º Concreting and recovery tube piles main shirt. 6 th Execution dredging. 7 º Profiling and fill slope with riprap slope protection. 8 th execution of capitals. 9 º Placement of beams on capitals. 10 º Concreting knots. 11 º Placement of prelates. 12 º Concreting board. 13 º Paving and nof habilitacio spring. 14 º Placement fenders, bollards, rails and termination.
Dredging, mining operation seabed terrain. Objectives: To gain depth. obtain materials for fillings. inadequate land clean. remove contaminants. Constraints: Locations: condition of coat. Features Terrain: loose, clay, hard and soft rock. homogeneity of the field: durezay different layers thick. Calados: small depths up to 5m. average depths between 5 and 25m. great depths greater than 25m. Geometria dredged area: determines the path and maneuvers of the dredgers. Time and volume: Volume d dredging and time available. Availability of equipment: Hard to get a dredge. high occupancy rates. Distance from landfill: transport equipment conditions. spillage procedure: By gánguiles from the singing of the canyon, by pipe. maritime climate, wave height, limited operational. devertido site characteristics: depth, seasonal restrictions and time. maritime traffic: beacon plan. Archaeological: archaeological remains. Dredges Mechanical: Draga spoon: spoon on barge crane, hopper self-propelled crane + sing, performance Draga Rosary: Rosary or bucket chain, old soft rock 2500m3/dia performance. 10000m3/dia loose soil performance. olej sensitive. Suction Dredgers: centrifugal pumps, suction dredging mixture, restraint in the background. Stationary: dredging through pipe. Curtador. widespread. dredging depths up to 30m. yields between 500 and 100000 m3/day. In progress: Boat propelled, self-supporting suction tube, boma of empty. very sensitive to oleaje.se can run aground, soft materials. Blasting submarine: very hard rocks, inaccessible areas, small volumes, little used. 
Protection works, coastal protection and regeneration: Gaza coast: band of coastline to the interior. 5km wide. 7% of the territory. 35% of total oblation lap. 82% of the tourist population. Location of the coast: 40% urbanized / able. 7% of port facility. 3% of industrial facilities. 8% to agricultural uses. Act costs: determination, protection, use of public-terrstre promenade and seashore. fall outside the scope: port of general interest and public domain Autonomous Area: Coastline that area where the water level reached the highest points (mareogrados). Delimitation: define that line. limitation property provided: traffic easement area 6m wide. rotection dep easement area 100m wide. 500m minimum area of influence. rotection dep bonded zone: Permitted uses: parks, insalada sports facilities for use of the coast. camping. prohividos uses: residences, roads over 500veh/dia. overhead power lines, advertising, discharges untreated, nde arid farms. Area of influence: avoid architectural screens, forecast reserve of land for the retreat of shoreline. 
Soft play: regeneration costs. Work hard: the influence of an element in the middle.
Land Improvement: Replacing the land: removal and replacement land unsuitable for other appropriate ncaracteristicas co. Preload: maintain a period of time a load on the ground to accelerate consolidadion. APRA recommended stabilize soil settlements. preload Project: geotechnical report. Testing stability. Definition of the phases of the preload. Definition of surface charging. Realization of the preload: Choice of filler. Terreno.Retirada and deposit preparation of material used in the preload. Superficie.Control regularization of preload. Large surfaces.