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What is the relationship between self-assessment and critical thinking?
The relation between them is that we use critical thinking criteria such as logic, reason and common sense to evaluate our own quality of work in order to improve our chance of success.
Why do you need the PMU competences in order to do a good assessment of your studies in PMU?We need The PMU competencies because they are the main package that we need to understand in order to excel in our study at PMU.
Name two PMU competences and explain how they will help you self-assess your performance or progress.
Critical thinking /technology.
Critical thinking will help to self-assess our performance so far based on logical manner. Then, with technology we will be able to self-assess if we discover that we are not unfamiliar with the using of the modern technology.
Why is self-assessment necessary for students?
It is necessary because it helps students to make judgments about their learning, and promotes students responsibility and independence. In addition, it is after the recognition of what needs to be learned that further learning can be possible. Thus, it encourages student ownership of the learning.Chapter 12 What is the ultimate basis for ethics, and why is it important to know what is ethically justified? The ultimate basis for ethics is clear: Human behavior have an effect for the welfare of others” because we are able to either help or harm other people with our behaviors. We need to know what is ethically justified so that we will be strongly motivated to do what is ethically right. What are the three key intellectual tasks for ethical reasoning? Mastering basic ethical concepts and principles inherent in ethical issues.
Learning to distinguish between ethics and other domains of thinking with which ethics is often confused.
Learning to identify when native human egocentrism and socio-centrism are impeding one’s ethical judgments (most challenging of three).
Why is it essential to separate ethics from social values, and what does it enable us to do?
It is it essential because if ethics and social values conventions were the same, every social practice within any culture would be ethical. Separating ethics from social values would enable us to criticize social conventions, religious practices and laws.But separating ethics from social values enables us to reject all social practices that violate ethical principles, no matter how many people support those practices.
Distinguish between indoctrination and education. Give an example of each concept. Education involves the seeking of facts, and learning about what is the truth, and what is not.
Example: Education should give you the raw material and the technique needed to know how to think.
Indoctrination is aimed at influencing people to believe in facts, without being able to back up these newfound facts with anything but opinion. Example: Indoctrination tells you what to think. Why are people confused about ethics? Give at least 3 reasons. They cannot know if they are systematically confused their sense of what is ethically right with their vested interested. Personal desires-Political ideology-Social mores
Explain how and why religious beliefs are socially or culturally relative.
How? Our religious beliefs and the level of adherence to those beliefs are conditioned by our culture (Dr. ZM, 2016). Why? Because for most people these religious beliefs influence their behavior.
Why do people generally confuse ethics and religions? With the help of an example, explain the difference between ethics and religion. People see religious principles as fundamental to ethics.
Example: Some people argue the euthanasia is not ethically justifiable because “the Quran & Bible says it is wrong to commit suicide”. CHAPTER 13Q1 List and describe three obstacles to organizational success. THE COVERT STRUGGLE FOR POWER: Every organization contains a hierarchy, whether formal or informal, and hence power is a question universal to any institution. Power struggles may be explicit or implicit.( a situation where two or more people or organizations compete for influence)
GROUP DEFINITIONS OF REALITY: All organizations tend to define themselves and the people of which they consist in a positive light. How explicit, as well as how far from reality, these assessments are may vary from group to group.THE PROBLEM OF BUREAUCRACY: Bureaucracy, by definition, is marked by a narrowing of thinking.
Q2 What are the three important conditions for an organization’s success? (306)Critical thinking to be used the conduct of meetings on all issues-All policies, rules, regulations and procedures are open to being questioned and replaced with a better ones.-The leadership must take a long-term view of building a culture of critical thinking within the organization.
Q3. How can organizations, in the light of predictable obstacles, cultivate critical thinking as an organizational value? (294).Critical thinking as an organizational value serves as a motivator to routinely policies procedures and ideas by replacing what is out of touch or inaccurate.
Q4 How can group definition of reality affect organizational performance a) positively and b) negatively? All organizations tend to define themselves and the people of which they consist in a positive light. How explicit, as well as how far from reality, these assessments are may vary from group to group.
. What is misleading success? What are the causes of misleading organizational success? (give at least two causes)Egocentric thinking may result in success, at least in the short term, poor successful.Rigid thinking-Short-term thinking.Study sample case studies in Chapter 13 under the topic Assessing Irrational Thinking in Organizational Life.
You may be provided a similar case study to analyze by explaining what you would do if you found yourself in that same situation. CASE #1: AMERICAN AUTO MAKER EXECUTIVE, 1970-1980s
An executive identifies American auto manufacturer’s poor leadership as the main factor giving advantage to Japanese car companies. CASE #2: PROFESSOR AND ACADEMIC REFORM
Professor notices that promotions are given for rapport with students and faculty, rather than objective accomplishments and teaching ability. What is sociocentrism?
It is an egocentric thinking raised to the level of a group. In other word is the believing of one’s own group is superior to others
- What type of egocentrism is expressed by the expression “”It’s true because we want to believe it”
Sociocentric standard (wish fulfillment)
What are the common psychological standards used in human thinking? List at least four.
Innate selfishness:
Innate self-validation: Innate wish fulfillment: Innate socio-centrism: Innate egocentrism:
What are the causes of egocentric thinking?It is because People do not naturally consider the rights and needs of others, nor naturally appreciates the point of view of others or their own limitations.
8-How can you become aware of or understand your egocentric thinking? When you doing some mistake and after that
you remember your decisions was wrong in this case you know you made a mistaken. Have to learned from it.
Why is sociocentrism considered to be the most dangerous form of egocentrism?How can we overcome it?
Sociocentrism is considered as the most dangerous form of egocentrism because it causes was and killing of other
because of a belief of a group that they have to do that because the others want to kill them.