Punto 2 y 4 de historia

PUNTO 2 A NEW Science During the Middle Ages, the ideas of great classical thinkers like Aristotle were accepted without discussion. But during the Renaissance, scholars had such an immense desire for knowledge that they were prepared to question everything.(They carried out experiments to prove their theories. Astronomy, medicine and physics were the main branches of Renaissance science. • Geographical discoveries led to advances in cartography, botany and zoology ASTRONOMY In 1543, the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, presenting his Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric theory According to Copernicus the Sun was the centre of the universe, and not the Earth) All the planets revolve around the Sun. However, the Church continued to insist that the Earth was the centre of the universe.PHYSICS: The most important scientist in this field was Leonardo da Vinci, who made numerous contributions to hydraulic and aerodynamic mechanics. He is responsible for inventions such as gears, propellers, windmills, the flying machine, the glider, the crane, the tank and the warship. He also carried out research in the fields of anatomy, astronomy and botany. THE RENAISSANCE Renaissance art broke with the traditions of the Middle Ages. Its main centre of inters was the human being. Artists looked for an ideal form of beauty.They found inspiration in the classical world of ancient Greek and Rome.They tried to achieve harmony and proportion in their art.The Renaissance style began in Italy and developed in two main stages: In the 15 century(Quattrocento), florence it centred on the city of Florence.• During the High Renaissance (or Cinquecento) of the 16′ century, it centred on Rome.patrons and artistsThe prosperous Italian city-states were home to important patrons. These wealthy noblemen and burgers appreciated education and the arts. Ther supported artists and gave large sums of money towards building and decorating churches and palaces. The Medici family of Florence were patrons of some of the greatest Renaissance artists, including Donatello and Michelangelo.Other important patrons were the Sforza in Milan, the Gonzaga in Mantua, and Popes Julius II and Leon X in Rome.Atchitects, sculptors and painters were no longer anonymous craftsmen. They were artists who signed their work. The conception of a work of art became as important as the technical skill required to make it. PUNTO 4 THE HIGH RENAISSANCE archutecture :the cultural movement of the 16th century is known as the High Renaissance (or Cinquecento)Under the patronage of the PopesRome became a key centre of influence. Italy’s greatest architects and artistsfor example Donato Bramante and Michelangelo, worked on Saint Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican.Andrea Palladio designed small palaces in the countryside, like the Villa Rotonda near VicenzaSCULRUREHigh Renaissance sculpture was large scale and monumentalMichelangelo Buonarroti was the outstanding sculptorHis DavidMoses and the Pieta were among his masterpieces PAINTING The leading Renaissance artists included the following: Leonardo da Vinci’s works include The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda)•Michelangelo painted the altar wall and ceiling frescos of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.• Raphael painted Madonna of the Goldfinch an the frescos in Vatican known as The School of Athens.•Titian The Venus of Urbino was one of his most famous works.

PUNTO 2 A NEW Science During the Middle Ages, the ideas of great classical thinkers like Aristotle were accepted without discussion. But during the Renaissance, scholars had such an immense desire for knowledge that they were prepared to question everything.(They carried out experiments to prove their theories. Astronomy, medicine and physics were the main branches of Renaissance science. • Geographical discoveries led to advances in cartography, botany and zoology ASTRONOMY In 1543, the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, presenting his Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric theory According to Copernicus the Sun was the centre of the universe, and not the Earth) All the planets revolve around the Sun. However, the Church continued to insist that the Earth was the centre of the universe.PHYSICS: The most important scientist in this field was Leonardo da Vinci, who made numerous contributions to hydraulic and aerodynamic mechanics. He is responsible for inventions such as gears, propellers, windmills, the flying machine, the glider, the crane, the tank and the warship. He also carried out research in the fields of anatomy, astronomy and botany. THE RENAISSANCE Renaissance art broke with the traditions of the Middle Ages. Its main centre of inters was the human being. Artists looked for an ideal form of beauty.They found inspiration in the classical world of ancient Greek and Rome.They tried to achieve harmony and proportion in their art.The Renaissance style began in Italy and developed in two main stages: In the 15 century(Quattrocento), florence it centred on the city of Florence.• During the High Renaissance (or Cinquecento) of the 16′ century, it centred on Rome.patrons and artistsThe prosperous Italian city-states were home to important patrons. These wealthy noblemen and burgers appreciated education and the arts. Ther supported artists and gave large sums of money towards building and decorating churches and palaces. The Medici family of Florence were patrons of some of the greatest Renaissance artists, including Donatello and Michelangelo.Other important patrons were the Sforza in Milan, the Gonzaga in Mantua, and Popes Julius II and Leon X in Rome.Atchitects, sculptors and painters were no longer anonymous craftsmen. They were artists who signed their work. The conception of a work of art became as important as the technical skill required to make it. PUNTO 4 THE HIGH RENAISSANCE archutecture :the cultural movement of the 16th century is known as the High Renaissance (or Cinquecento)Under the patronage of the PopesRome became a key centre of influence. Italy’s greatest architects and artistsfor example Donato Bramante and Michelangelo, worked on Saint Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican.Andrea Palladio designed small palaces in the countryside, like the Villa Rotonda near VicenzaSCULRUREHigh Renaissance sculpture was large scale and monumentalMichelangelo Buonarroti was the outstanding sculptorHis DavidMoses and the Pieta were among his masterpieces PAINTING The leading Renaissance artists included the following: Leonardo da Vinci’s works include The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda)•Michelangelo painted the altar wall and ceiling frescos of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.• Raphael painted Madonna of the Goldfinch an the frescos in Vatican known as The School of Athens.•Titian The Venus of Urbino was one of his most famous works.

Punto 1 Humanism There were many political, social and economic changes in Europe from the 15th century onwards. These were accompanied by important changes in the way that people viewed the world.Humanism was the philosophical and cultural movement that spread through Europe in the 15th and early 16th centuriesThe medieval theocentric viewpoint was that all human activities revolved around God. Humanists still believed in God. However, they held the anthropocentric viewpoint that human intelligence was key to understanding and interpreting the universe.• According to the humanists, our use of reason and experience advanced our knowledgeThe humanists observed nature and carried out experimentsThis approach laid the foundations for the scientific revolution of the 17th century• The humanists felt deep curiosity about the physical and spiritual . They wanted to know about everythingThe term ‘Renaissance Man’ refers to humanist scholars who explored all fields of human activityThey were inspired by the cultural inheritance of AntiquityAfter the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, many Greek scholars went to live in Europe. They brought Greek and Roman texts which were of great interest to scholars.Most medieval texts were written in Latin. But under humanist influence many literary works were now written in modern languages.The spread of humanism Gutenberg perfected the printing press in around 1440This meant that each book no longer had to be copied by handConsequently, a larger number of books could be produced in less time. It became less expensive to make books so more people had access to them. The academies were cultural centres where the humanists exchanged ideas and knowledgeThe Platonic Academy was founded by Cosimo deMedici in Florence in 1459. •Universities, like those of ViennaKrakow Bologna and Alcalá de Henares promoted the study of classical culture.Humanists travelled to meet each other in other waysThey also exchanged ideas through written correspondenceIn this way humanist ideas spread throughout Europe

Punto 1 Humanism There were many political, social and economic changes in Europe from the 15th century onwards. These were accompanied by important changes in the way that people viewed the world.Humanism was the philosophical and cultural movement that spread through Europe in the 15th and early 16th centuriesThe medieval theocentric viewpoint was that all human activities revolved around God. Humanists still believed in God. However, they held the anthropocentric viewpoint that human intelligence was key to understanding and interpreting the universe.• According to the humanists, our use of reason and experience advanced our knowledgeThe humanists observed nature and carried out experimentsThis approach laid the foundations for the scientific revolution of the 17th century• The humanists felt deep curiosity about the physical and spiritual . They wanted to know about everythingThe term ‘Renaissance Man’ refers to humanist scholars who explored all fields of human activityThey were inspired by the cultural inheritance of AntiquityAfter the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, many Greek scholars went to live in Europe. They brought Greek and Roman texts which were of great interest to scholars.Most medieval texts were written in Latin. But under humanist influence many literary works were now written in modern languages.The spread of humanism Gutenberg perfected the printing press in around 1440This meant that each book no longer had to be copied by handConsequently, a larger number of books could be produced in less time. It became less expensive to make books so more people had access to them. The academies were cultural centres where the humanists exchanged ideas and knowledgeThe Platonic Academy was founded by Cosimo deMedici in Florence in 1459. •Universities, like those of ViennaKrakow Bologna and Alcalá de Henares promoted the study of classical culture.Humanists travelled to meet each other in other waysThey also exchanged ideas through written correspondenceIn this way humanist ideas spread throughout Europe