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Posted on Apr 29, 2023 in Biology

1. The original source of all genetic variation is _____.  Mutation
2. Microevolutions occur when ___. Changes in allele frequencies in a population occur over generations
3. What is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution? natural selection
4. The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when ____. the population size is small
5. Which of the following descriptions illustrates phenotype variation caused by environment? diet of caterpillars changes their morphology
6. Blue poppies native to China were grown at a plant-breeding center in California. The plants with..… This adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to ____  directional selection
7. Who created the binomial classification system that we still use today? Carolus Linnaeus
8. Inheritance of acquired characteristics was proposed by—-> Charles Darwin
9. In humans, the tailbone, wisdom teeth, and goosebumps are all examples of __. vestigial traits
10. Darwin and Wallace’s theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ___. dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations
11. An adaptation is _____. a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
12. Which of the following statements describe the effect of evolution on a population? increasingly better match between a population and its environment
13. Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____ already existed in the population before methicillin was developed

14. If p = C^R = 0.8 and q= C^W = 0.2.  The frequency of genotypes can be calculated : C^RC^R = p² = 0.8 × 0.8 = 0.64.   C^RC^W = 2pq = 2 × 0.8 × 0.2 = 0.32.  C^WC^W = q² = 0.2 × 0.2 = 0.04
15. Which of these is an example of temporal isolation? One species is nocturnal, and the other species is not.
16. If biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of a new species hinges on ________ reproductive isolation.
17. Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _____. Reduced hybrid viability.
18. The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of ___ . Reduced hybrid fertility
19. Which of the following is the first step in allopatric speciation? geographic isolation
20. Sympatric speciation is ____. the appearance of a new species in the same area as the parent population
21. Which of these animals could overcome the geographic barrier of water that causes allopatric speciation? Small rodents
22. According to the _____ model, evolution occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly then remain unchanged for long periods. punctuated equilibrium
23. Which postzygotic barriers prevent formation of hybrids beyond the first generations? hybrid breakdown
24. Miller and Urey’s experiments that attempted to recreate conditions on early Earth were significant because _____. they showed that organic molecules such as amino acids could be produced from inorganic molecules
25. The first genetic material on Earth was probably _____. self-replicating RNA molecules
26. What is the most accurate method used to measure the age of a fossil?  radiometric dating
27. Which of the following showed their greatest diversity during the Mesozoic era, but were a small, less diverse group during the Paleozoic era? gymnosperms
28. Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon? a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation
29. Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? taxonomy
30. Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____. evolved from the same ancestor
31. ome beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____. convergent evolution
32. Which of the following taxonomic categories contains all the others listed here? class
33. By definition a clade is _____. monophyletic
34. In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is ____.a shared ancestral character
35. Which of the following are the three domains currently used for classification? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
36. The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes. Therefore, it belongs to the genus Heraclides.
37. In cladistics, ________ is(are) the primary criterion used to classify organisms. shared, derived characters
38. A(n) ________ is one that is present in the common ancestor and the outgroup. shared ancestral character
39. What is the function of fimbriae?  They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes.
40. Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located ________. on plasmids
41. Which of the following is LEAST associated with the others? binary fission
42. Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes? they are poisoned by O2.
43. he prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the ____. halophiles
44. An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as ____ symbiotic
45. Bioremediation is _____. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
46. Which of the following structures does a prokaryote not have? nucleus
47. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by ______. binary fission
48. Which of the following domains consists of all the organisms whose cells have true nuclei? Eukarya

49. Trypanosome infections evade attacks by host immune systems through which of the following mechanisms?  production of new cell-surface proteins with a different molecular structure by each new generation
50. Which of the following approaches would be most likely to cause evolution of a drug-resistant strain of Plasmodium? widespread, frequent use of a single drug in patients suffering from malaria
51. Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) __  cyanobacterium
52. All protists are _____. eukaryotic

53. When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium ___ cells infect the human liver cells
54. A porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate, through which pseudopodia protrude, is characteristic of ______. foraminiferans
55. Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature? brown algae → blade
56. ___ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. Phytoplankton
57. The closest algal relatives of land plants are ___ charophytes
58. Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? rise and diversification of angiosperms
59. Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the “embryophytes”? Plantae
60. Apical meristems ____ occur in both roots and shoots of plants
61. Which of these are spore-producing structures? sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
62. The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following to occur? increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances
63. When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a ____ diploid sporophyte
64. The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ____ containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte
65. Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____. Mesozoic
66. Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have ____. flowers