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Universalism: Seeks to be systematic and tries to impose rules and laws on all its members to make things work more efficiently. The best thing is: It tries to treat all people equally, everyone’s vote counts.  Laws apply to everyone, including the powerful and the rich. Exaggeration of universalism: Creates e.g. extreme religious groups. Measures everything as if it were linear. Creates jurisprudence (Germany, USA, Canada, Switzerland, UK). EX: Example: Refinery fire. The refinery burned down and the assistant drove a car down to the refinery as instructed by the refinery manager. He was going to take a luxury car but the garage supervisor told him that those cars were for superior people and he had to take another car of lesser value. Particularism: Seeks out what is different, unique or exceptional to create something that is incomparable or of special quality. The best: Celebrates what is new, unique and incomparable. It is geared towards those with special tastes. Everything is intimate, personal, especially for “you”. Creates vitality and energy. Exaggeration: ends up being aggressive and promotes abuse of power and conspiracy (e.g. mafia). Insists that something ‘unique’ is universal and imposes it on all (e.g. prohibition era). (Spain, Japan, Italy, South Korea, Venezuela, Russia). Ex: Charles Revson (boss) insisted that everyone sign the time of his arrival at the office. suddenly a man walks into the reception and left with the book. “When you pick up your last pay cheque, ask Hem to tell you who I am”.

BUSINESS ETIQUETTE AND PROTOCOL: First contact: Meetings will always be on time, although sometimes it can be delayed by traffic. the first contact is the greeting. In Argentina everyone greets each other with a kiss on the cheek, even between men and men. In Buenos Aires there is only one kiss, but in some provinces there are two. But if it is someone superior, you shake hands. Greet each person individually and not the group as a whole. Conversation: On topics such as weather and sports news before talking about business matters. When speaking, people are usually called by their first name. Taboo topics: In Argentina, it is not customary to talk about how much money you earn or spend. It is frowned upon if someone asks about your salary. Politics: The subject of which political party you belong to is usually avoided. This is due to the great political rift and the hatred of each party for each other. Dress code: Many workers wear casual clothes if they do not interact with customers on a daily basis. Business negotiation: Each point of a proposal is analysed separately and you will want it to be improved. It is important to establish good relationships as it can facilitate the negotiation process. Social activities are very important and are the key to doing business. Gift giving: The culture of gift-giving is very important to show appreciation.

HOFSTEDE: Six dimensions of national culture: 1. POWER OF DISTANCE (high vs low): The extent to which the less powerful members of society accept that power is distributed unequally. This refers to the degree of inequality that exists, and is accepted, between people with and without power. (PDI Scores): A high score indicates that a society accepts an unequal, heirarchial distribution of power, and that people understand “their place” in the system. A low score means that power is shared and is widely dispresed, and that society members do not accept situations where power is distruted unequally. 2.INDIVIDUALISM (Individualist vs Collectivist): Refers to the strength of the ties that people have to others within their community. Collectivism: people belong to in-groups (families, organizations, etc) who look after them exchange for loyalty. Individualism: people only look after themselves and their immediate family. (IDV Scores): High score indicates weak interpersonal connection among those who are not part of a core “family”. Low score, in other words collectivist societies, people are supposed to be loyal to the group to which they belong, and in exchange, the group will defend their interest. 

3. MASCULINITY (high vs low): It refers to the distribution of roles between men and women. Masculinity: the dominant values in society are achievement and success. Femininity: the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. Greater importance is placed on a good relationship with your direct supervisors, or working with people who cooperate well with one another. (MAS Scores): Japan has the highest MAS score of 95, where Sweden has the lowest measured value of 5. Opening an office in Japan means that you will be working on a hierarchical, deferential and traditional patriarchal society. Opening an office in Sweden means that people focus on managing through discussions, consensus, compromise, and negotiation. 4. UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE (high vs low): The extent to which people feel threatened by uncertainty and ambiguity and try to avoid such situations. How well can people cope with anxiety. (UAI Scores): High scores indicate that people attempt to make life as predictable and controllable as possible. Low scores indicate people in countries more relaxed, open or inclusive. 

5.LONG TERM ORIENTATION (long term vs short term orientation): The extent to which people show a pragmatic or future-oriented perspective rather than a normative or short-term point of view. It refers to the time horizon people in a society display. Countries with long-term orientation tend to be pragmatic, modest, and more thrifty. In a short-term oriented countries, people tend to place more emphasis on principles, consistency and truth, and are typically religious and nationalistic. For example, the USA, short term gains and quick results. 6. INDULGENCE (Indulgence vs Restraint): The extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses. Realitvely weak control is called “Indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “Resistraint”. Its new → Has less data. (IVR Scores): High score allow or encourage relatively free gratification of peoples own drives and emotions, such as enjoying life and having fun. Low score, there is mor emphasis on suppressing gratification and more regulation of peoples conduct and behavior, and there are stricter social norms. 

HOFSTEDE OF ARGENTINA: 1. POWER DISTANCE 49: Power Distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations. Argentina sits on the low end of PDI rankings of – and thus far from the much higher values that characterizes all other Latin American countries (leaving aside Costa Rica). In this social status should be underlined. 2. INDIVIDUALISM 46: The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. Argentina sits in the middle rankings, the most Individualist of all Latin countries. Individualist traits can also be found, particularly in the large urban conglomerates. 3. MASCULINITY 56: The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (Masculine) or liking what you do (Feminine). Argentina score reflects the presence of slightly more Masculine than Feminine elements. Among the former it is important to note a strong achievement orientation and assertiveness, the Masculine behavior of female managers and politicians, and the equally strong ego needs. 4. UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE 86: The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the score on Uncertainty Avoidance. 

Argentina scores very high on UAI – and so do the majority of Latin American countries that used to belong to the Spanish kingdom.  5. LONG TERM ORIENTATION 20: This dimension describes how every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future, and societies prioritise these two existential goals differently. Argentina is shown to have a very normative culture. People in such societies have a strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth; they are normative in their thinking.

6. INDULGENCE 62: This dimension is defined as the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised. Argentina’s high score means that it is a country that falls under the category of Indulgence. People in societies classified by a high score in Indulgence generally exhibit a willingness to realise their impulses and desires with regard to enjoying life and having fun. They possess a positive attitude and have a tendency towards optimism. 

WORKING WITH JAPANESE: Most of them are Buddhists. They greet you with a bow. They won’t tell you if they don’t like something you propose. If you hear one you understand 10. Importante para los japoneses Los planes. Communicating in HIGH context and LOW context: is meant to highlight differences in verbal and nonverbal communication. HIGH-CONTEXT: Communication that focuses on underlying context, meaning, and tone in the message, and not just the words themselves. Similarities are importan characteristics, society, religion, history. Prefer oral communications. Countries: Japan, China, France, Spain, BrazIL. 

LOW-CONTEXT: Communications to be explicitly stated so that there’s no risk of confusion, and if a message isn’t clear enough, it will slow down the process of communication. Diverse, and focus on the individual, instead of the group. Communication must be basic enough to allow for as many people to understand it as possible. Prefer written communications. Countries: UK, Australia and the United States.

Cultural Differences Business: In japan no on raises their hand. in japan they don´t do eye contact, so if they have questions, they will look at you in the eyes. “KY” (expression). 

Retaining Authenticity Working in Foreign Countries: Most effective global leaders have a strong sense of authentic flexibility. You have a more authentic an natural part. People can choose for different types of work. Global leadership. Specialists in knowing when to work in their way and when to adapt with the way of working of the people i´m working with. People who only do things their way are stuck. Saving Face: Face is a class of behaviors and customs practiced mainly in Asian cultures, associated with the morality. Japanese believe we, humans, have 3 faces each presented to a different category of people: 1. One that we show the world, diplomatic and perfect. 2. One that we show to our family and friends, semi-real but not the truest. 3. One that we hide from everyone and that is the truest reflection of who we are actually. Face work: Represents the transition from the real self of the individual to the image he or she represents to society for the communicative or leadership purpose. Intercultural communication: Face is central to intercultural communication or cross-cultural communication. 
Face-negotiation theory by Stella Ting-Toomey: The interaction between the degree of threats or considerations one party offers to another party, and  the degree of claim for a sense of self-respect (or demand for respect toward one’s national image or cultural group) put forth by the other party in a given situation.

SYSTEM 1 VS SYSTEM 2 OF THINKING: SYSTEM 1: Fast, Unconsius, Automatic, Every day decision, Error prone, Effortless, Withot self awareness or control, “What you see is all there is”, ROLE: Asses the situation, Deliver updates. SYSTEM 2: low, Conscious, Effortful, Complex decisions, Relaiable, Deliberate, Control mental process, With self awareness or control, ROLE: Seeks New/ Missing information, Make DecisioN.