What is Information? It is a form of knowledge that we acquire through education, communication, practical experience, research, analysis or ratiocination. 

It consists of data, facts, and conclusions. 

To the scientist concerned with communications theory it is the opposite of entropy.1

To the computer scientist it is any data that can be expressed as a sequence of ones and zeros

Information Assurance: Measuresthat protect and defend information and information systems by assuring their availability,

1.What was the total cost in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) or USD of PLUS (Project Lebuhraya Utara Selatan Berhad) highway of length 772 km during its construction period.

North south interurban toll expressway: Johor Bahru to Bukit Kayu Hitam: 791.2 (772) km. cost: USD 2.6 billion —– or RM 6.6 billion (Straits times, world bank report on 30, 09, 1993)

2.Why PMS is needed for existing pavements?

In the past, pavement were maintained but not managed. The pavement engineer’s experience tended to dictate

Astroturfing is the practice of masking the sponsors of a message or organization (e.g., political, advertising, religious or public relations) to make it appear as though it originates from and is supported by a grassroots participant(s). It is a practice intended to give the statements or organizations credibility by withholding information about the source’s financial